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INTRODUCTION. Tides are one of the most reliable phenomena in the world. As the sun rises in the east and the stars come out at night, ocean waters regularly rise and fall along our shores .
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INTRODUCTION • Tides are one of the most reliable phenomena in the world. As the sun rises in the east and the stars come out at night, ocean waters regularly rise and fall along our shores. • Gravity is only one of the major forces responsible for creating tides. Another is inertia, which is the force that acts to counterbalance gravity. It is the tendency of moving objects to continue moving in a straight line. Together, gravity and inertia are responsible for the creation of two major tidal bulges on the earth. • The project which is being implemented by us is a very innovative project which is to produce electricity from a very non conventional energy resource like tidal energy. • That to by a very non conventional manner where magnet kept inside the float move’s to and forth creates varying magnetic field which is cut by the copper coil to produce electricity.
The float is made up of a thick synthetic material. A float is an object which floats in water as its is buoyed up by a force which is equal to the weight of the water which was previously occupied by the water. • The distance between the coil and the magnet is adjusted by using a rotary shaft. The maximum flux is obtained by varying the distance between the coil and the magnet.
BLOCK DIAGRAM Permanent Magnet Fixed copper coil (Insulator) Capacitor Bank Microcontroller Board Rectifier Battery
Permanent Magnet • A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets. • An permanent magnet is made from a coil of wire that acts as a magnet when an electric current passes through it but stops being a magnet when the current stops. Often, the coil is wrapped around a core of ferromagnetic material like steel, which enhances the magnetic field produced by the coil. • The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic moment or, alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produces. The local strength of magnetism in a material is measured by its magnetization. • A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. The function of this block is to create magnetic field due to the forward and backward movement of the floats due to the waves in the ocean.
Fixed Copper Coil (Insulator) • Coils are typically wound with copper wire, sometimes termed magnet wire. The winding material must have a low resistance, to reduce the power consumed by the field coil, but more importantly to reduce the waste heat produced by Ohmicheating. • Excess heat in the windings is a common cause of failure. • The function of the copper coil is to act as an insulator as the magnetic field created by the movement of the permanent magnet it cuts the magnetic field because of the copper coil(insulator) and due to this current is generated because of the magnetic flux. • The copper coil is wounded on a core and the number of windings required depends upon the amount of current to be generated.
Capacitor Banks • Capacitor bank is a grouping of several identical capacitors interconnected in parallel or in series with one another. These groups of capacitors are typically used to correct or counteract undesirable characteristics, such as power factor lag or phase shifts inherent in alternating current (AC) electrical power supplies. • . Capacitor banks may also be used in direct current (DC) power supplies to increase stored energy and improve the ripple current capacity of the power supply. • As the capacitors are connected in series they add up the energy created due to the electromagnetic induction which occurs because of the movement off the permanent magnet and the field cut by the fixed copper coil. Usually the capacitor bank consist of 1000 capacitors each of 1pf so the total value of the capacitor bank is 1000pf and 150 volts.
Microcontroller Board • The microcontroller board used here is the atmega8 microcontroller series. The basic function of the microcontroller board is to convert the AC waveform (Usually a Bi-directional waveform with Zero Average value) to a Pulsating DC waveform that is to convert AC current to DC current so that it can be stored in the battery and be used for future applications. • Another function performed by this block is to check and compare the currents between the battery and the capacitor banks. That means if the current received from the capacitor bank exceeds the threshold the only it will pass the current else it will block it so that no reverse leakage current flows from the battery to the board and destroy the capacitor banks. • The reason for using atmega8 microcontroller board is that it has low power requirements , it is cheap in cost and it can be programmed using simple embedded ‘C’ programs.
Operating Principle Faraday’s Law • Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil. No matter how the change is produced, the voltage will be generated. The change could be produced by changing the magnetic field strength, moving a magnet toward or away from the coil, moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field, rotating the coil relative to the magnet, etc.
Working • The tides are generated in the sea and ocean because of the wind moving over a large stretch of fluid surface. The waves created by these winds wary with the velocity, direction and gravitational force at the time when the wave is created. Float is an object which does not sink in water as it buoyed up by the force which is equal to the weight of water that the object occupies. • A permanent magnet is a material which is magnetized and due to which it creates its own magnetic field. This permanent magnet is fitted inside the floats so that it moves up and down because of the motion of the waves. The electromagnetic coil which is attached above is usually formed when a conductor like copper is wounded around a core to create an inductor. As the tides cause the float to move to and forth magnetic field is induced around the float. • By Faradays Right Hand rule the magnetic flux is created in the direction which is perpendicular to the fixed coil and hence the magnetic field is cut by the fixed coil. Due to this a magnetic flux creates a current.
This current is then given to the capacitor bank. The capacitor bank is nothing but number of capacitors connected in series. As they are connected in series the current is added and the capacitors in the bank perform their function of storing charges. This current is then given to the battery for storage. Before passing the current to the battery it is passes through the microcontroller board. • The function of microcontroller board is mainly to rectify the output that is convert AC to DC. The microcontroller board that is used in this project is the ATMEGA-8. The reasons for using this board is that it is a low power Cmos microcontroller with reduced and easy instruction set. The microcontroller also checks whether there is no reverse leakage current flowing from the battery to the capacitor.
FUTURE SCOPE • Since large turbines require water to fall from a precise height for its self rotation to generate electricity this method is cumbersome and limited to certain area or location. There was need to design something new which can generate electricity from the same source i.e. tidal waves but with something new and innovative way. • The implementation of our project can be use on the larger scale for generating electricity by placing permanent magnets in an isolator and enclosing a rod surrounded by copper coil. Due to the waves or to be specific tides, the flux induced between the magnet and the coil get cut resulting in generation of electricity. • But this may not be sufficient for larger applications so this mechanism is connected in series so that the current gets added and we can be in a position of storing a high amount of energy. This method is not at all restricted to any specific location and can be implemented where are tides naturally been available. • By implementing this project conventional energy resources are saved. This project can be implemented anywhere as it does not require specific large tides. Small amount or even low tides can generate a considerable amount of energy. Also this project does not harm the natural environment.
