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Social Factors

Social Factors. Stressful life events Childhood adversity Attachment relationships and separation anxiety. Psychological Factors. Learning Classical conditioning Preparedness model Observational learning Cognitive factors Perception of lack of control Catastrophic misinterpretation

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Social Factors

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  1. Social Factors • Stressful life events • Childhood adversity • Attachment relationships and separation anxiety

  2. Psychological Factors • Learning • Classical conditioning • Preparedness model • Observational learning • Cognitive factors • Perception of lack of control • Catastrophic misinterpretation • Attention to threat and shifts in attention • Thought suppression

  3. Biological Factors • Genetic Contributions • Panic disorder and GAD seem to run in families • Generalized form of social phobia is linked to genetics, but not non-generalized form • OCD not specifically linked to genetics, but to anxiety disorders in general

  4. Biological Factors • Neuroanatomy: • Phobias and Panic Disorder: two pathways • Without Cortex: thalamus  amygdala • With Cortex: thalamus  frontal lobe  amygdala • Panic Disorder • Locus ceruleus (brain stem) – norepinephrine • OCD • Basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and putamen) • Orbital prefrontal cortex • Anterior cingulate cortex

  5. Biological Factors • Neurochemistry • Pharmacological challenge • Lactic acid • 50-90% with panic, 0-25% without • Caffeine • Carbon dioxide

  6. Treatment • Psychological interventions • Systematic desensitization • Flooding • Exposure • Situational exposure • Interoceptive exposure (panic disorder) • Prolonged exposure, plus response prevention (OCD)

  7. Psychological Interventions • Relaxation training (GAD) • Breathing retraining (Panic Disorder) • Cognitive therapy • Recognize faulty logic • Decatastrophizing

  8. Biological Interventions • Benzodiazepines • For example: Valium; Buspar • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) • For example: Paxil • Tricyclic Antidepressants • Imipramine: agoraphobia with panic attacks • Clomipramine: OCD

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