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Leonid V. Sorokin

Intracloud lightning with the high pulse repetition rate can be associated with emission of the high energy photons and neutrons. Leonid V. Sorokin Economic & Mathematical modeling Department, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia. Thermonuclear reactions in gas discharge.

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Leonid V. Sorokin

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  1. Intracloud lightning with the high pulse repetition rate can be associated with emission of the high energy photons and neutrons Leonid V. Sorokin Economic & Mathematical modeling Department, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

  2. Thermonuclear reactions in gas discharge The first public announcement on the thermonuclear reactions in gas discharge was done by I.V. Kurchatov in his Speech at AERE/Harwell on 25th April 1956 [Kurchatov, 1956]. Observation of Neutron Bursts Associated with AtmosphericLightning Discharge [G. N. Shah, H. Razdan, Q. M. Ali,C. L. Bhat, 1985],[Shyam A., Kaushik T. C. 1999]. The Discovery of Intense Gamma-Ray Flashes from the Earth atmosphere was done in 1994 by the Burst And Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on board the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory [Fishman, 1994]. The measurements of the x-ray emission from rocket-triggered lightning was done by Dwyer, J. R., et al. [Dwyer, 2004]. The laboratory sparks in air was studded after that [Dwyer, 2005] and the X-ray was found from 1.5 to 2.0 m spark gap and 5-10 cm series spark gaps within the 1.5 MV Marx generator. The gamma ray attenuation in air from the high-altitude intracloud lightning is not so huge to detect them from space [Williams, 2006]. Usually TGFs are associated within several milliseconds with lightning current pulses [Carlson, 2009] or with intracloud lightning discharges [Stanley, 2006]. The BATSE TGFs production are at altitudes less then 20 km and at higher altitudes from 30 km to 40 km and the dispersion signatures can be explained as a pure Compton effect [Østgaard, 2008]. Neutron production in TGFs have been observed experimentally in coincidence with lightning [Carlson, 2010]

  3. The 99.99997% of the earth's atmosphere mass is concentrated below 100 km, distributed approximately as 50% is below 5.6 km and 40% from 5.6 km to 16 km. The lightning phenomenon also covers the first 100 km of the earth's atmosphere.

  4. Non luminous emissions • First observed by both the ALEXIS and STRONG satellites in the 1990s, TIPPS or 'Trans-Ionospheric Pulse Pairs' are very intense VHF pulses originating from thunderstorm. • They are 10,000 times stronger than normal lightnings and last 5µs. The second impulse is due to the reflexion on Earth of the first impulse and it usually separated by 10 to 110µs. • First detected by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, Gamma ray bursts (1 ms) occur over thunderstorm regions. Their source is believed to lie at altitudes greater than 30 km. • Sprites are produced by an avalanche of relativistic electrons started a cosmic radiation. This electron beam could interact with the air molecules and produce a X ray radiation and secondary gamma radiation. • The sprites have an energy of approximately 20ev. But the Gamma ray bursts have an energy of one million ev.

  5. TARANIS(Tool for the Analysis of RAdiations from lightNIngs and Sprites) ASIM (Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor)Scientific management - by the National Space Institute, Denmark. French micro-satellite project managed by the Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement and Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (Orleans) Mounted on the ISS external module Columbus, ASIM will study giant electrical discharges at high altitudes above thunderstorms. The package of instruments includes 6 specially designed cameras, 6 photometers, and X- and -ray detectors. Expected to be launched in 2013, duration ~2 years. • The polar orbit at 650 km altitude • Payload includes: • 2 cameras and 3 photometers (from IR to UV), • X- and -ray detectors (20 kev - 10 Mev), • energetic electron detectors (70 kev - 4 Mev), and • electric- and magnetic sensors in a wide range (1 Hz - 30 MHz). • Launch is scheduled for 2015.

  6. JEM-GLIMS (Global Lightning and sprIte MeasurementS) FIREFLY. Vission to study terrestrial Gamma-Ray flashes Science instrumentation Gamma-Ray Detector Instrument. Scintillator system will measure the energy and time of arrival of X- and gamma-rays associated with TGF. The same instrument will be able to detect electrons in the hundreds of keV to few MeV range. VLF receiver to measure e/m bursts from tens of Hz to tens of KHz Photometer at high time resolution Experiments are controlled by the same system which acquires 100 ms of data from all 3 sensors, if signal is above a pre-set threshold. Expect to detect ~50 strokes per day and ~1 TGF every couple of days. TLEs and TGF observation from Japanese Experiment Module of International Space Station (ISS). • Optical instruments (20 kHz sampling) looking the nadir direction: • 2 wide FOV cameras • 6 wide-angle photometers in various bands • VLF receiver: E-field in the range of 1-40 kHz. • VHF antenna: in the range of 70-100 MHz Launch in March 2011. Part of the National Science Foundation's CubeSat program. Launch: beginning of 2012

  7. TERRESTRIAL GAMMA-RAY FLASH PRODUCTION BY LIGHTNING • Carlson, BE, Lehtinen NG, Inan US. 2007. Constraints on terrestrial gamma ray flash production from satellite observation. Geophysical Research Letters. 34:8809. • Ostgaard, N, Gjestland T, Stadsnes J, Connell PH, Carlson BE. 2008. Production altitude and time delays of the terrestrial gamma flashes: Revisiting the Burst and Transient Source Experiment spectra. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics). 113:2307. • Carlson, BE, Lehtinen NG, Inan US. 2008. Runaway relativistic electron avalanche seeding in the Earth's atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics). 113:10307. • Carlson, BE, Inan US. 2008. A novel technique for remote sensing of thunderstorm electric fields via the Kerr effect and sky polarization. Geophysical Research Letters. 35:22806. • Carlson, BE. 2009. Terrestrial Gamma-ray Flash Production by Lightning. • Carlson, BE, Lehtinen NG, Inan US. 2009. Terrestrial gamma ray flash production by lightning current pulses. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics). 114 • Carlson, BE, Lehtinen NG, Inan US. 2010. Neutron production in terrestrial gamma ray flashes. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics). 115 • Carlson, BE, Lehtinen NG, Inan US. 2010. Observations of Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash Electrons. American Institute of Physics Conference Series. 1118:84-91.

  8. A.P.J. van Deursen

  9. High-voltage laboratory at the Technical University of Eindhovenin the Netherlands (28 October 2010).

  10. Nguyen, C.V.

  11. Plasma turbulence in the Spark discharge 1MV with 1m channel.Author’s color video at 1200 fps taken on the camera Casio ExlimEX-F1 in the High-voltage laboratory at the Technical University of Eindhovenin the Netherlands (28 October 2010). Courtesy to A.P.J. van Deursen andC.V. Nguyen

  12. The pinch effect • The pinch effect can create instability of continuous gas discharge; it can be due tothe current oscillations that lead to the plasma density variation,the shock waivesor some turbulencein the hot plasma. • The X-ray emission usually observed during the pinch effect in the hot plasmaconditions [Kurchatov, 1956] that is very common to the parameters of lightning stroke. • The electronsand ions will be accelerated in the huge electric field for the energies of someMeV, and after that collide with emitting X-ray burst together with the high energyphotons. • The collision of relativistic electrons with Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe) inthe plasma discharge can significantly intensify the X-ray emission due to their biggeratomic charge.

  13. 17/05/2010, Moscow, 17:31

  14. Burst of pulses inlightning electromagnetic radiation • E. P. Krider, G. J. Radda and R.C. Noggle,Regular radiation field pulses produced byintracloud lightning discharges, J. Geophys. Res. 80,3801-3804 (1975) • V. A. Rakov, M. A. Uman, G. R. Hoffman,M. W. Masters and M. Brook, Burst of pulses inlightning electromagnetic radiation: Observationsand implications for lightning test standards, IEEETrans. Electromagn. Compat. 38, 156-164 (1996) • Y. Wang, G. Zhang, T. Zhang, Y. Li, Y.Zhao, T. Zhang, X. Fan and B. Wu, The regularpulses bursts in electromagnetic radiation fromlightning, Asia-Pacific International Symposium onelectromagnetic compatibility, Beijing, China, DOI10.1109/APEMC.2010.5475814 (2010) • E. P. Krider and R. C. Noggle, Broadbandantenna system for lightning magnetic fields, J.Appl. Meteorol. 14, 252-256 (1974) • I. Kolmašová1, O. Santolík., The submicrosecond structure of unipolar magnetic field pulse trainsgenerated by lightning discharges // 1st TEA – IS Summer School, June 17th – June 22nd 2012, Málaga, Spain, Pp. 132-133.

  15. An example of the most frequently measured burst type • Source: I. Kolmašová1, O. Santolík., The submicrosecond structure of unipolar magnetic field pulse trainsgenerated by lightning discharges // 1st TEA – IS Summer School, June 17th – June 22nd 2012, Málaga, Spain, Pp. 132-133.

  16. A typical shape of negative unipolar pulses • Source: I. Kolmašová1, O. Santolík., The submicrosecond structure of unipolar magnetic field pulse trainsgenerated by lightning discharges // 1st TEA – IS Summer School, June 17th – June 22nd 2012, Málaga, Spain, Pp. 132-133.

  17. Concentration of Deuterium It looks like the Deuterium concentration is too small in the regular water for the nuclear fusion reactions. The hydrogen isotopes concentration in water is Hydrogen 99.985% and Deuterium 0.015%, so about one in 6420 Hydrogen atoms in seawater is Deuterium. About one molecule of semiheavy water HDO can be in 3210 molecules of the regular water and heavy water D2O occurs in the proportion of one molecule in 41.2 million. The sea water evaporates from the sea surface and the water vapor rising in the atmosphere. During the cloud formation the air humidity in the cloud is close to 100% and a big amount of water is condensate in the droplets and ice particles. Due to the different freezing points of the water (TH20=0˚C) and heavy water (TD2O=3.82˚C) the concentration of heavy water will be bigger in the cloud ice particles.

  18. The D-T, D-D and D-3He reactions can go with the resulting energy barrier approximately from 100 KeV. We consider the D-D reactions going with the equal probability: (1) (2) The products of the D-D reaction can collide with Deuterium: (3) (4) Basic Equations

  19. Proton capture reaction The proton capture reaction is well known nuclear reactions of type (p,γ) and (p,a), so it can affect the chemical element and isotope structure of air gas mixture. (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

  20. (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

  21. Isotopes The isotopes of Cl, K, F, Na, Br, Rb, I, Cs can appear in the proton capture reactions with Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe. (16) (17)

  22. (n, n) The absorption cross section is often highly dependent on neutron energy. So the fast neutrons (2.45 MeV) should be slowdown to the thermal neutrons in the reaction (18). In the wet air it is possible due to the reaction of type (n, n) on the atoms of Hydrogen (1H), Carbon (12С), Nitrogen (14N) and Oxygen (16О). (18)

  23. (n,γ) After that for the thermal neutrons are used, the process is called thermal capture. This reaction of type (n,γ) (19) can go on Helium (3He), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and others isotopes with huge absorption cross section. (19) Xenon-135 is a perfect neutron absorber (20) due to its huge cross section for thermal neutrons σ = 2.65x 10+6 barns. (20)

  24. (n,p) The reaction of type (n,p) goes with proton emitting (21) The examples of this reaction of type (n,p) can be the Tritium, σ= 5400 barns (22) and Carbon-14 (23) production. (22)

  25. Carbon-14 Carbon-14 is produced (23) in the upper layers of the troposphere and the stratosphereon the altitudes from 9 to 15 km by thermal neutrons absorbed by Nitrogen-14atoms [Ramsey, 2008]. This altitude is very common to the intracloud lightning discharges andX-rays from them [M. A. Stanley, 2006]. The Carbon-14 production rates vary because of changes to thecosmic ray flux and due to variations in the Earth’s magnetic field and had not agreedwith high geomagnetic latitudes models [Ramsey, 2008]. (σ= 1.75 barns),

  26. (n,a) & (n,2n) The reaction of type (n,a) goes with emitting of α-particle (4He nucleus) (24) The reaction of type (n,2n) goes with emitting of two neutrons (25)

  27. Discussion • X-ray and gamma-ray bursts with neutrons appear not in every lightning discharge,they are rare in CG lightning and usually associated with intracloud lightning wherethe high pulse repetition rate can be observed. • It is possible to explain this phenomenonby pinch effect or hot plasma instability with the plasma focus conditions in thecompact area of plasma channel. • The conditions for the pinch effect can be only inthe case when the next lightning discharge goes in the same channel during the continuouscurrent stage. • For the intracloud lightning the repetition rate can go up tosome hundreds within 0.1 ms, so the pinch effect can be common for them. • The CGlightning usually goes with lower rate of some events per second and choosing the newchannel for the next stroke. But it can happen that CG lightning goes in the samechannel within some ms twice. • So for the CG lightning the probability of pinch effectis lower then for intracloud lightning. • This fact can explain that a few CG lightningcan produce X-rays and gamma-rays with neutrons and for the intracloud lightningthe high energy photons and neutrons are common.

  28. Conclusion • The production of neutrons 2.45 MeV and protons 3.02 MeV in D–D Fusion reactiontogether with proton capture and neutron capture reactions can explain theproduction of the radioactive materials, gamma-ray radiation and the air ionizationduring the lightning discharges within a thunderstorm. • The role of Helium ( 3He),Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe) and others isotopes with huge absorption cross section issignificant for the thermal neutrons capture. • The X-ray and gamma-ray signaturesfrom lightning can be explained due to the Compton scattering effect. • The observationof the long period gamma-ray radiation during the thunderstorm can be due tothe decay of isotopes.

  29. References Kurchatov I.V. On the possibility of producing thermonuclear reactions in gas discharge // Atomic Energy, 1956, vol. 3, 65-75. (Nucleonics, June, 1956, 14, 37-42) 359-366 Neutron Generation in Lightning Bolts / G. N. Shah, H. Razdan, Q. M. Ali,C. L. Bhat // Nature. — 1985. — Vol. 313. — Pp. 773–775. Fishman, G.J., P.N. Bhat, R. Mallozzi, J.M. Horack, T. Koshut, C. Kouveliotou, G.N. Pendleton, C.A. Meegan, R.B. Wilson, W.S. Paciesas, S.J. Goodman and H.J. Christian (1994) Discovery of Intense Gamma-Ray Flashes of Atmospheric Origin, Science, New Series, Vol. 264, No. 5163 (May 27, 1994), 1313-1316 Shyam A., Kaushik T. C. Observation of Neutron Bursts Associated with AtmosphericLightning Discharge // J. Geophys. Res. — 1999. — Vol. 104, No A4. —Pp. 6867–6869. Rakov, V. A., and M. A. Uman (2003), Lightning: Physics and Effects, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York Dwyer, J. R., et al. (2004), Measurements of x-ray emission from rocket-triggered lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05118, doi:10.1029/2003GL018770 Dwyer, J. R., H. K. Rassoul, Z. Saleh, M. A. Uman, J. Jerauld, and J. A. Plumer (2005), X-ray bursts produced by laboratory sparks in air, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20809, doi:10.1029/2005GL024027 Williams, E., et al. (2006), Lightning flashes conducive to the production and escape of gamma radiation to space, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D16209, doi:10.1029/2005JD006447 Smith, D. M., L. I. Lopez, R. P. Lin, and C. P. Barrington-Leigh (2005), Terrestrial gamma flashes observed up to 20 MeV, Science, 307(5712), 1085– 1088, doi:10.1126/science.1107466

  30. References Stanley, M. A., X.-M. Shao, D. M. Smith, L. I. Lopez, M. B. Pongratz, J. D. Harlin, M. Stock, and A. Regan (2006), A link between terrestrial gamma-ray flashes and intracloud lightning discharges, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L06803, doi:10.1029/2005GL025537 Nguyen, C.V. and A.P.J. van Deursen (2008), Multiple x-ray bursts from long discharges in air.J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 (2008) 234012 (7pp), doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/23/234012 Ramsey, C. Bronk (2008). "Radiocarbon Dating: Revolutions in Understanding". Archaeometry 50 (2): 249–275. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00394 Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, and U. S. Inan (2009), Terrestrial gamma ray flash production by lightning current pulses, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A00E08, doi:10.1029/2009JA014531 Carlson, B. E., N. G. Lehtinen, and U. S. Inan (2010), Neutron production in terrestrial gamma ray flashes, J. Geophys. Res., 115, A00E19, doi:10.1029/2009JA014696 Østgaard, N., T. Gjesteland, J. Stadsnes, P. H. Connell, and B. Carlson (2008), Production altitude and time delays of the terrestrial gamma flashes: Revisiting the Burst and Transient Source Experiment spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A02307,doi:10.1029/2007JA012618 Sorokin L.V., High-Energetic Radiation from Gas Discharge Associated with the Maximum Rate of Current Change // Bulletin of PFUR. Series Mathematics, Information Sciences, Physics. No 4, 2012. Pp. 181–188., ISSN 2312-9735, http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=17973322

  31. Thank you for your attention!

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