Politics of the Roaring Twenties Chapter 12

1. http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/clash/default.htm Politics of the Roaring TwentiesChapter 12 Section 1 – America Struggles with Postwar Issues Section 2 – The Harding Presidency Section 3 – The Business of America

2. Strange Era of Contradictions • Conservative v. Liberal • Rural v. Urban • Depression v. Prosperity http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/5108DVET2KL._SL500_AA240_.jpg http://www.hfmgv.org/EXHIBITS/showroom/1908/fieldsm.jpg http://www.fashion-era.com/images/ALLSMALLPICS/20sbask_small.jpg http://www.cthistoryonline.org/cdm-cho/cho/journeys/images-journeys/life/j_life_rural_farm/sunsethill.jpg

3. America Struggles with Postwar Issues Post War Trends Section 1 • Nativism • Prejudice against foreign-born people • Isolationism • Policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs • Fear of Communism • Red Scare • Palmer Raids • Conservatism • Rise of the Klan

4. Fear of Communism • Communism – Based on theories of Karl Marx. Economic and political system based on single-party government ruled by a dictator. • Supports equalization of wealth. • Elimination of Private Property • Government ownership of all means of production • Totalitarianism • World Revolution of workers rising up against the capitalist ruling class. • Creation of a Classless Society

5. Red Scare • Americans became paranoid about the possibility that Communists or Socialists could take over our government, like they had in Russia. • Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 • Leader: Vladimir Lenin • Symbol: Red Flag • No real threat in U.S. – Communist only made up less than one-tenth of 1 percent of the U.S. population • See Red Scare in Hippocampus http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II

6. Palmer Raids • 36 bombs were found in the US mail addressed to important citizens, including Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. • Palmer had thousands of suspected radicals arrested and many were deported. • Palmer had no real evidence against most people he accused.

7. http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/clash/Imm_KKK/IndexImages/images/SaccoVanz.jpghttp://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/clash/Imm_KKK/IndexImages/images/SaccoVanz.jpg Sacco and Vanzetti • Italian immigrants who were charged with the murder of a paymaster • No real evidence, both men had alibis but were convicted and sentence to death anyway. Why? • Both were anarchists (what does this mean?)and had radical political views • Immigrants • Draft Dodgers • World-wide outrage and many protests • 1961- New ballistics tests showed pistol found on Sacco was the murder weapon • Pardoned by Mass. Gov. in 1977 • See Nativism and Racism in Hippocampus http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II http://www.harwich.edu/depts/history/pp/20s/index.htm

8. Limiting Immigration • Nativism is very strong in the 1920’s • Emergency Quota Act 1921, 1924, 1929 • Set maximum number of immigrants from each country. (3% - 2%) • Number based on a percent of the number of nationals living in the U.S. in 1910 and then 1890. • Discriminates against Eastern and Southern European groups, as well as, Japanese • Catholic • Jews • Does not apply to Western Hemisphere immigrants

9. KU KLUX KLAN REBORN • Nov. 25, 1915 • Stone Mountain, Georgia • William Joseph Simmons • Started with 16 members and grew to 4.5 million by 1924 • Kleagling- reason for sharp increase in membership • $4 out of $10 fee goes to recruiter for each new member recruited

10. Reasons people join KKK • Appeal to Belonging Needs • Secret Rites and Passwords • Colorful Names • Imperial Wizard • Imperial Kleagle • Grand Goblin • King Kleagle • Special Costumes • Private Exclusive Club • White • American Born • Protestant • Men • Opportunity to express opposition to groups different than oneself http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/clash/Imm_KKK/IndexImages/images/WilliamSimmons.jpg

11. KKK Reform Organization???? • Support Prohibition • Support Nativism • Anti- Immigrant • Oppose groups different than them • Anti- Catholic • Anti- Jewish • Anti- African American http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/clash/Imm_KKK/IndexImages/images/burningcross1.jpg

12. Fall of the Klan • Extreme violent actions • Major Klan leader convicted of rape and murder • Criminal Activity • Irony: The regions in which the Klan was the strongest was not necessarily the regions in which the groups they despised were the most numerous

13. Postwar Trauma • Soldiers reentering the job market • Women forced out of the job market • Workers had been used to high wages during wartime • Economy slows down, but workers wanted to maintain their standard of living. • Workers resort to strikes to achieve their goals

14. Post World War I Strikes • The strikes after war were numerous and violent • In 1919 there were 3,000 strikes involving 4 million workers • Shipyard Workers Strike • Boston Police Strike • Steel Workers Strike • Coal Miners Strike http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/images/iwwgiftwo1.jpg

15. Shipyard Workers Strike • Location: Seattle, Washington • Workforce unique – almost totally unionized • Demands: 10% pay increase • Result: • Spread city-wide • Labeled dangerous radicals • State Militia called in • Strike violently broken • No raise and eventually shipyards shut down http://depts.washington.edu/labhist/strike/index.shtml

16. Boston Police Strike • Conditions: 12 hour days, $1100 to $1600 a year, a must pay own uniform expense • Important People: • Governor of Massachusetts - Calvin Coolidge • Demands: • Right to Unionize • Pay Increase • Results: • The whole police force lost their jobs and were replaced. Boston Police coming out of a meeting after voting to strike. 1918 http://www.ohwy.com/history%20pictures/bostpolicestrike.gif

17. Calvin Coolidge • “ There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time.” • Significance: • It put Coolidge in the National Spotlight and helped to launch his Presidential bid. http://www.ohwy.com/history%20pictures/coolidge1.gif

18. SteelworkersStrike • 350,000 Steelworkers across 10 states went on strike • Demands: • Better Wages • 8 Hour Work Day • A Union • Results: • Because the majority of workers were foreign born, the companies played upon the fears of radicalism and immigrant labor taking U.S. jobs. • Strike busted with violence, arrests of workers, etc. • Workers gained nothing http://www.steelworkersarchives.com/images/bkgd2b.jpg

19. Coalminers Strike • Coal was the chief source of energy in U.S. • Demands: • Pay Increase • Shorter Hours • Important People: • John L. Lewis – • leader of United Mine Workers • Results: • Miners got 27% pay increase • Did NOT get shorter hours http://www.ohwy.com/history%20pictures/lewsenat.gif http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t029/T029164A.jpg

20. Labor Movement Loses Appeal • Immigrant labor was willing to put up with poor work conditions • Difficulty in organizing immigrants that spoke numerous languages • Self-reliant farmers that came to the city for jobs didn’t want help • Exclusion of African Americans in most Unions

21. The Harding PresidencySection 2 • Political Climate in 1920 • Conservative Mood • Slowdown of Economy • Weariness with the Wilson Administration • Americans sick of the debate over the League of Nations • Election of 1920 • Republicans: Warren G. Harding (Pres.) Calvin Coolidge (V.P.) • Democrats: James M. Cox (Pres.) Franklin D. Roosevelt (V.P.)

22. Harding is Popular PresidentPromises a “Return to Normalcy” • Positives • Cancelled inauguration galas due to poor economy • 1st to allow visitors to tour the White House • Independently proposed legislation • Selected a good cabinet • Very Honest (sort of) • Negatives • Didn’t discipline subordinates • Stood by his friends and were blind to their faults • Valued friendship and wanted to be liked • Failed to make decisions quickly or put them off completely (see quote page 420)

23. Harding’s Cabinet • Andrew Mellon – Sec. of Treasury • Charles Evans Hughes – Sec. of State • Herbert Hoover – Sec. of Commerce • Harry Daugherty – Attorney General • Albert B. Fall – Sec. of the Interior • Most were selected to fit their specialty, except Daugherty and Fall (Ohio Gang)

24. Scandal Plagues Harding • Harding administration one of the most corrupt in American History • Veterans Bureau Scandal • Involved Charles Forbes, head of VB and friend of Harding, receiving kickbacks for Veteran Hospital Contracts and selling government and hospital supplies to private companies. • Jesse Smith Suicide Scandal • Involved a member of the Ohio Gang and personal aide to Attorney General, Harry Daugherty. Smith involved in illegal activities and was to be banished to Ohio by Harding. Destroyed Papers and Committed Suicide. Harding failed to investigate.

25. Harding’s Scandals Cont. • Teapot Dome Scandal • Involved the leasing of government owned oil rights without competitive bids by Sec. of the Interior Albert B. Fall • Fall bribed by oil companies • Eventually Fall is convicted and sent to prison • On the problems with his friends: "I have no trouble with my enemies," Harding told journalist William Allen White late in his presidency, "but my damn friends, they're the ones that keep me walking the floor nights!"

26. Harding’s Personal Scandals • Infidelity and possible illegitimate child. • Long-time affair with the wife of a friend, Carrie Fulton Phillips • Affair with a young women, Nan Britton, that claimed she had Harding’s child. Carrie Fulton Phillips Nan Britton

27. Harding Dies In Office • 1923 Harding dies of possibly a stroke or heartattack while returning from a trip to Alaska. • V.P. Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as Pres. • Coolidge would run in 1924 and serve until 1928. • Harding’s contribution: Helped America readjust after WW I and had a calming effect on the nation.

28. Illusions of Peace • Washington Naval Conference • General Disarmament Plan • Major 5 Powers (U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy) scrap many large warships • Build no more warships for 10 years http://www.harwich.edu/depts/history/pp/20s/img105.jpg For full report click on link below http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/88313.htm

29. Illusions of Peace Cont. Frank B. Kellogg Aristide Briand • Kellogg-Briand Pact • Ban war as an instrument of foreign and national policy • Proposed by Briand, French Minister, to Frank B. Kellogg, U.S. Sec. of State. • Kellogg receives the Nobel Peace Prize • Expanded to include more than 60 nations by 1928 • Not very realistic – If a country wishes to go to war they will. Example: Hitler

30. High Tariffs and Reparations • Fordney-McCumber Tariff • Raised tariff to 60% (highest ever) • Hurt British and French efforts to sell goods in order to raise enough money to pay off debt • Dawes Plan • Charles Dawes – American Banker • Reparations Debt Triangle- arranged to have U.S. Loans repaid with its own money. • Loan $$$ to Germany to repay France and Britain to repay the U.S.

31. Reparations Debt Triangle • This allowed Germany to make payment of Reparations owed to Britain and France • This allowed for the repayment of loans owned to the U.S. • It helped prevent a war, when France invaded Germany to collect reparations. U.S. British Germany & French

32. The Business of AmericaSection 3 • Coolidge on Business: “The Chief business of the American people is business…. The man who builds a factory builds a temple….. The man who works there worships there.” • Followed a policy of “Laissez-Faire” – government does not involve itself in business • Keep taxes down • Profits up • High Protective Tariffs See article @ http://spectator.org/archives/2009/01/05/keeping-cool-with-coolidge

33. Slide from PowerPoint in following site http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/ Postwar Prosperity • The cycle that created the business boom in the 1920's: • standardized mass production led to • more efficient machines, which led to • higher production and wages, which led to • increased demand for consumer goods, • which perpetuated more standardized mass production.

34. Slide from PowerPoint in following site http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/ Postwar Prosperity • Industry • *Percentage Increase, 1922-28 • Industrial Production: 70% • Gross National Product: 40% • Per Capita Income: 30% • Output per factory man hour: 75% • Corporate Profits: 62% (1923-1929) • Electric Power • *Percentage Increase, 1899-1929: 331% • Percentage of American Industries powered by electricity, 1929: 50% • Workers • *Percentage Increase, 1923-29 • Worker's incomes: 11% • Real Earnings (for employed wage earners) 22% • Average Work Week: -4% In what general ways did the economy change in the 1920's? What changes in the average worker's wage, output, and work day length do you notice?

35. Scientific Management and the Reorganization of Work • Industries began to employ automated machinery and "scientific management" to increase efficiency. • The reorganization of work resulted in more spare time and disposable income for average workers. • It also led to a decline in the importance of skill in favor of discipline and subordination. • Businesses financed industrial research and time studies on a grand scale. • The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) by engineer Frederick W. Taylor was widely published and applied - scientific management is also known as "Taylorism." Industries took a more organized and scientific approach under Taylorism. Slide from PowerPoint in following site http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/

36. Slide from PowerPoint in following site http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/ Scientific Management and the Reorganization of Work • Innovative industrialist Henry Ford masterfully applied Taylor's theory of worker efficiency and wage motive. • Ford began paying an unprecedented $5 a day- it was more than a pay increase, it was a means for Ford to establish a measure of control over the workforce • The price of Model-T was cut in half, thereby expanding the customer base. • This image of a moving assembly line at Ford Motor Company demonstrates both the principles of efficient production and the proliferation of mass produced consumer goods.

37. Slide from PowerPoint in following site http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/ Scientific Management and the Reorganization of Work This article announces the clamor in Michigan after Ford began paying $5 a day.

38. Slide from PowerPoint in following site http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/ Scientific Management and the Reorganization of Work A furniture factory in 1903 A furniture factory in 1925

39. The Automobile and American Culture • The explosive growth of the automobile industry revolutionized American life. • Henry Ford's innovative production techniques made cars affordable for average Americans and set new standards for industry. • By the end of the decade, there were enough cars on the road for every one in five persons. Slide from PowerPoint in following site http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/

40. “Tin Lizzie” • Ford’s Model T • All Black • 20 Horsepower • 45 miles per hour • Very popular with farmers • Do everyday chores • Navigate deeply rutted roads http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/showroom/1908/fieldsm.jpg

41. Impact of the Automobile • Demand for materials like steel, glass, and rubber sharply increased • Need for large amounts of gasoline transformed the oil industry • Drew people to Michigan (build cars) and California and Texas (oil industry) • Created a mobile society • Liberated isolated farm families

42. Auto Changes American Landscape • Promoted mass highway building and interstate systems • Cloverleaf Exchanges, Underwater Tunnels, and Bridges • Urban Sprawl – cities spread out • Created need for filling stations, roadside restaurants, motels, parking lots, driveways, garages, tourist camps, shopping centers and traffic lights

43. Will Roger’s on the Automobile • “It will take a hundred years to tell whether you helped us or hurt us, but you certainly didn’t leave us where you found us.” http://www.willrogers.org/homepage_howdy_rev.gif

44. General Motors Eclipses Ford • Although Ford developed a system for mass-producing cars and selling them cheaply, Ford Motor Company failed to produce options for consumers. • The utilitarian Model T was "available in any color, so long as it was black" and changed little in design over the years. • When Alfred P. Sloan became president General Motors Corporation in 1923, he introduced alternative makes like Chevrolet and Buick that came in a variety of colors for increasingly sophisticated consumers. The Model T Slide from PowerPoint in following site http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/

45. Slide from PowerPoint in following site http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/ General Motors Eclipses Ford • GM tapped into the emerging consumer psychology, annually producing stylist updated models, marketing them aggressively, and promoting installment payment plans. • Finally, in 1927, Ford Motor Company took a cue from GM's success and introduced the Model A with a blitz of advertising and the offer of installment plans. The product was so highly anticipated that many were sold before it was even introduced. GM’s 1927 Cadillac La Salle- the first car designed by a stylist. Ford’s Model A

46. The Young Airplane Industry • First domestic use for the airplane was carrying mail for the U.S. postal service • Ford made tri-motor plane in 1926 • Lockheed Company produced single engine plane in 1927– The Vega • Pan American Airways first transatlantic fight in 1927 • Stewardesses were young, all white females Lockheed Vega 1927 http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/vega/Aero14G1.jpg

47. Slide from PowerPoint in following site http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/ Postwar Prosperity • The "Second Industrial Revolution" : WWI stimulated development and investment in new technology that contributed to the business boom. • As electricity became widespread and industrial production more efficient, mass produced consumer goods became available to the public at attainable prices. • Consumers were reading many materials and purchasing the same goods. • Communication innovations in radio, advertising, and film contributed to the homogenization of ideas that led to the advent of national popular culture. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/thc/5a48000/5a48500/5a48574r.jpg

48. America’s Standard of Living Soars http://www.historyofquilts.com/featherweight.jpg • Electrical Conveniences • Refrigerators • Stoves • Toasters • Vacuums • Sewing Machines • Radios • Washing Machines 1927 Frigidaire AP-12 http://www.antiqueappliances.com/graphics/products/restored/fridgidaire/1927_ap12/1.png

49. Slide at following site in P.P. module http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/ Advertising in the Jazz Age • Advertising techniques refined as the mutually supportive phenomena of mass production and mass media exploded into the American consciousness. • Modern advertising, using popular culture and celebrities to fuel consumption, began to take shape. • The array of new appliances and consumer goods available at a lower cost due fueled consumption. • Businesses conquered the challenge of efficiently producing enough goods; now the focus was creating desire. This ad uses a celebrity endorsement to glamorize smoking and exploits the image of the “new woman” of the 1920’s. http://www.wclynx.com/burntofferings/luckystrikebettycompson.jpg

50. http://www.assumption.edu/users/McClymer/his394/Consumerethos/Chesterfieldwomansmoking33.jpghttp://www.assumption.edu/users/McClymer/his394/Consumerethos/Chesterfieldwomansmoking33.jpg Slide at following site in P.P. module http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/ Advertising in the Jazz Age Another ad legitimizing desire; it associates the product with glamour and modernity