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Comprehensive Revision Notes on Differential and Inverting Amplifiers in Electronics

These revision notes cover key concepts related to differential and inverting amplifiers, focusing on essential parameters such as large input resistance (approximately 10^9 Ω), open-loop voltage gain (approximately 10^6), and output resistance (approximately 100 Ω). The notes discuss frequency compensation, gain-bandwidth products, and practical uses in digital-to-analog converters and summing amplifiers. Important characteristics like voltage gain, input/output relationships, and feedback mechanisms are also highlighted. This guide is designed to support students' understanding of amplifier circuits, encouraging effective study techniques for electronics.

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Comprehensive Revision Notes on Differential and Inverting Amplifiers in Electronics

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  1. ELE2 ANALOGUE REVISION NOTES

  2. Differential amplifier Large input resistance 109 Large open-loop voltage gain, A,  106 Low output resistance  100 Frequency compensated Gain-bandwidth product OP-AMPs

  3. Input resistance = R1 Output inverted Virtual earth point Saturation/clipping Bandwidth/voltage gain Minimum resistance 1k Inverting Amplifier

  4. Recognise by multiple inputs Input resistance of each input = R Behaves the same as the inverting amplifier Used in DAC & Mixer Summing Amplifier

  5. Very large input resistance  109 Beware input resistor to 0V Output in phase with input Voltage gain/bandwidth Minimum voltage gain = 1 Voltage follower when Rf = 0 or R1= Non-inverting amplifier

  6. Voltage gain  0.7 – 1 Current gain  109 Output voltage in phase with input Very large input resistance  109 Remember to subtract Vgs from Vin to obtain Vout N-channel and p-channel Source Follower

  7. Provides power gain Needs op-amp to provide voltage gain Cross-over distortion at low volume Bias MOSFETs into conduction Saturation/clipping at high volume Increase supply voltage or reduce input voltage Push-pull amplifier 1

  8. Negative feedback Heat sinks Metal conduction Black radiation Large surface area Convection Radiation Fan Convection Push-pull amplifier 2

  9. Capacitor reactance • Reactance – the opposition to the flow of alternating current. • Measured in ohms. • Capacitor reactance decreases with frequency.

  10. Allows low frequency signals to pass, attenuates high frequency signals Break point Xc = R Low pass filter

  11. High pass filter • Allows high frequency signals to pass, attenuates low frequency signals • Break point Xc = R

  12. ELE2 Questions • Set in context – read the context – underline relevant details. • Look carefully at circuit diagrams – circle and name sub-systems. • Focus on relevant bookwork descriptions and calculations – answer these. • Attempt all sections – no credit can be given if there is no attempt at an answer. • Estimate, Calculate – show your working. • State and explain – do both!

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