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Relativistic Heavy Ions Experiment I

Relativistic Heavy Ions Experiment I. The QCD Phasediagram. Overview. Lecture 1) Experiments in (ultra-)relativistic heavy ion physics Lecture 2) Global observables Lecture 3) Strangeness + heavy flavour Lecture 4) Photons and neutral mesons. Literature.

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Relativistic Heavy Ions Experiment I

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  1. Relativistic Heavy IonsExperiment I

  2. The QCD Phasediagram

  3. Overview • Lecture 1) Experiments in (ultra-)relativistic heavy ion physics • Lecture 2) Global observables • Lecture 3) Strangeness + heavy flavour • Lecture 4) Photons and neutral mesons

  4. Literature • C. Y. Wong, “Introduction to High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions”, World Scientific • J. Rafelski and J. Letessier, “Hadrons and Quark-Gluon Plasma”, Cambridge University Press • K. Yagi, T. Hatsuda and Y. Miake, “Quark Gluon Plasma”, Cambrigde University Press • E. Shuryak, “The QCD Vacuum, Hadrons and Superdense Matter”, World Scientific • R. C. Hwa, X. N. Wang, “Quark Gluon Plasma 3”, World Scientific Publishing

  5. Experiments in (ultra-)relativistic heavy ion physics Lecture 1)

  6. Accelerators in Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics

  7. Fixed Target Experiments at Relativistic Energies • Beam energies: 100A MeV  2A GeV • Pioneering experiments • BEVALAC: Plastic Ball and Streamer Chamber (1984 - 1986) • Syncho-Phasotron – Dubna (1975 – 1985) • 2nd generation experiments • SIS-GSI: FOPI, KAOS, HADES (1990 – today) • BEVALAC: EOS-TPC, DLS (1990 – 1992) • Physics: • Collective effects  Discovery and investigation of flow effects • Equation of state (EOS)  Study of compressibility of dense nuclear matter • In-medium modifications  Kaons, low mass di-leptons • Basic result: • Nuclear matter can be compressed and high energy densities can be achieved

  8. BEVALAC

  9. BEVALAC

  10. Heavy Ion Experiments at the BEVALAC

  11. BEVALAC – Experiments: Plastic Ball

  12. BEVALAC – Experiments: Plastic Ball

  13. BEVALAC Experiments: Streamer Chamber

  14. BEVALAC Experiments: Streamer Chamber

  15. Experiments @ SIS, GSI

  16. Fixed Target Experiments at Ultra-Relativistic Energies • Beam energies: 2A GeV – 200A GeV • Objective: Search for a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) state • 1st generation: “not-so-heavy” ion • SPS-CERN, projectiles: 16O and 32S, Elabmax = 200A GeV (1986 – 1993) • AGS-BNL, projectiles: 28Si, Elabmax = 14.5A GeV (1986 – 1991) • 2nd generation: heavy ions • SPS-CERN, projectiles: 208Pb, Elabmax = 158A GeV (1994 – 2002) • AGS-BNL, projectiles: 197Au, Elabmax = 11.5A GeV (1992 – 1994) • Physics: • Signatures of a QGP (e.g. strangeness enhancement, J/ suppression, etc.) • Systematic studies (energy dependence)  look for onset phenomena • Basic result: • Observations consisten with QGP hypothesis, but no unambigous evidence

  17. BNL Accelerator Complex

  18. Heavy Ion Experiments at the AGS

  19. E895 Experiment @ AGS (EOS-TPC)

  20. E866 Experiment @ AGS

  21. CERN Accelerator Complex

  22. LHC North Area SPS West Area PS

  23. NA60 Experiments: NA57 NA52 NA50 NA49 NA38 NA36 NA35 NA34 WA85 WA80 / WA93 WA94 NA45/CERES NA44 WA98 WA97 Heavy-Ion Beams: 114In 158A GeV 20A GeV 30A GeV 208Pb 40A GeV 80A GeV 12O/32S 158A GeV 60/200A GeV 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Heavy Ion Physics at the SPS

  24. Heavy Ion Experiments at the SPS

  25. NA35 @ SPS: S+Au, 200A GeV

  26. 13m NA49 @ SPS: Pb+Pb, 158A GeV

  27. NA45 @ SPS

  28. NA57 @ SPS

  29. Collider Experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider • Center-of-mass energy: sNN = 200 GeV • Objective: Search for a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) state • Projectiles: 197Au, Cu (2000 – today) • Physics: • Signatures of a QGP • New observables accessible: high-pt suppression, strong flow phenomena • Basic result: • Stronger evidence for the existence of a QGP phase • Strongly coupled QGP (sQGP)

  30. Heavy Ion Experiments at RHIC

  31. STAR @ RHIC: Au+Au, sNN = 200GeV

  32. PHENIX Detector

  33. PHENIX @ RHIC: Au+Au, sNN = 200GeV

  34. BRAHMS and PHOBOS @ RHIC BRAHMS: PHOBOS:

  35. Future Experiments • LHC (2007  ) • Center-of-mass energy: sNN = 5.5 TeV (collider) • Projectiles: 208Pb, lighter ions, protons • Physics: Detailed study of deconfined matter  Jets, heavy flavour, photons • Experiments: ALICE, CMS, ATLAS • FAIR (2014  ) • Beam energies: Elabmax = 30 – 45A GeV (fixed target) • High beam intensities  rare probes (D-meson, J/) • Physics: Baryonic matter with high densities, critical point • Experiment: CBM • Other activities • RHIC at lower energies (~10 GeV  sNN  200 GeV): STAR, PHENIX experiments • Continuation of SPS fixed target program: NA49 upgrade, NA60

  36. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

  37. Mont Blanc Geneva CERN

  38. Heavy Ion Experiments at LHC

  39. L3-Magnet Magnetic field: max. 0.5T Weight: ~7000 tons Height: 10 m ALICE @ LHC

  40. ALICE @ LHC

  41. Heavy Ions @ FAIR

  42. CBM @ FAIR

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