Editors: Stephen R. Braund &Dr. John A. Kruse Funded by Minerals Management Service

1. Synthesis: Three Decades of Research on Socioeconomic Effects Related to Offshore Petroleum Development in Alaska Editors: Stephen R. Braund &Dr. John A. Kruse Funded by Minerals Management Service

2. MMS Socioeconomic Research in AK • Between 1975 & 2004, the MMS through its Environmental Studies Program (ESA) in Alaska funded: • 167 Technical, and • 9 Special social & economic reports • Represents $24 million of social science research • Many are lengthy (e.g., measure over 16 lineal feet of bookshelf) • MMS funded a synthesis of its Alaska OCS s/e studies into a single volume book

3. Single Volume Book • This book reviews & synthesizes three decades of social research in Alaska (1975-2004) • 11 integrated chapters by independent authors • Challenge: authors: review offshore s/e effects versus synthesize 176 Technical Reports • Reviewed, sorted by topic, assigned to authors • 16-48 TRs per author

4. MMS • Acknowledge MMS staff • Michael Baffrey; Tim Holder; Dr. Cleveland Cowles; Dr. Ed Glacier, and Dr. Dee Williams • Dee Williams provide Preface

5. Chapter 1: Introduction (Braund & Kruse) • Describes the MMS ESP & the purpose of the research (offshore leasing/EIS) • Places the MMS social science research in context w/ other research in Alaska • Between 1960-1975, less than 5 professional, social science papers were published per year • MMS Alaska s/e reports: 6 per year for 30 years • One of the largest contributors to the body of social science research in the state • Largely unknown body of research (gray literature)

7. Chapter 2: Brief Economic History of AlaskaStephen Haycox, History Dept., UAA • Describes Alaska’s economic character & history • Reviews the history of oil & gas exploration & development in Alaska • Provides context for examining the s/e influence of oil in later chapters

10. Chapter 3: Petroleum and the Alaska Economy Scott Goldsmith, Jack Kruse, Eric Larsen, ISER, UAA • Chapter focuses on statewide, economic effects of oil & gas development • State Revenues • Employment flows in and out of Alaska • Most of effects have been from onshore development

12. Chapter 4: Community Effects of OCS DevelopmentLee Huskey, Bus & Public Policy, UAA • Community level economic processes related to the oil industry • Focuses on employment, income & population effects of oil development on the Alaskan coastal communities & regions • Author noted special circumstances in Alaska communities that complicate OCS impact assessment: • small, coastal communities with sociocultural & economic uniqueness • communities are predominantly Alaska Native • lack of infrastructure • undeveloped market economies • subsistence reliance

13. Chapter 5: Sociocultutral ResearchStephen Braund & Lisa Moorehead, SRB&A • Synthesis of MMS SESP Sociocultural Studies • Focused on coastal communities • Geographically comprehensive • Research designs were informed by • a consideration of the likely forms of OCS development in each region & • the components of society that may be affected by OCS development

14. Chapter 5: Sociocultutral ResearchBraund & Moorehead • Grouped the studies by Study Type (broad & varied) • Sociocultural Systems Baseline Studies • Combined S/C Baseline & Impact Studies • Subsistence-based Economies • Social Indicators • Harvest Disruption Effects Analyses • Institutional Monitoring • Subsistence Harvest Studies • Importance of natural resource harvesting and associated cultural activities – links to OCS development

15. 145communities; 12 regions; 62 sociocultural studies

16. Table 5.1: Sociocultural ESP Technical Reports by Community and ANCSA Regional Corporation Boundary

17. Chapter 6: An Overview of Subsistence in AlaskaRobert J. Wolfe, RJWA • Reviews SESP TR & other subsistence research • Defines subsistence • Describes the importance of subsistence in rural areas of Alaska • Frames central subsistence questions & OCS: • What are the potential or actual effects of OCS activities on the production & distribution of wild foods for local use? • How can potential or actual negative effects be avoided, mitigated, or compensated?

18. Chap 6: Overview of Subsistence in AKWolfe • Chapter Sections: • Regional baseline studies • Subsistence & economic development • Social Organization of Subsistence Production and Distribution • Customary Use Areas and Common Property Systems • Wild Food Production, Distribution, and Use

19. Chapter 7: Subsistence Harvest Patterns and Oil Development on Alaska’s North SlopeSverre Pedersen (ADFG), Jack Kruse (UAA) & Stephen Braund • Traditional Subsistence Activities • North Slope Petroleum Development • Inupiat Subsistence During NS Oil Development

22. Chapter 7: Subsistence Harvest Patterns and Oil Development on Alaska’s North SlopePedersen, Kruse & Braund • Positive & Negative Impacts of Petroleum Development on Subsistence Activities • Mortality of Fish & Wildlife • Vulnerable Habitats • Dislocation of Fish & Wildlife • Physical Disruption of Access • Regulatory Disruption of Access • Competition for Fish & Wildlife • Increased Funding, Employment, Training & Logistic Support

23. Chapter 8: Long-Term Consequences of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill for Subsistence Uses of Fish & WildlifeJim Fall, ADF&G • Reviews MMS & other studies of the long-term consequences of the EVOS on subsistence uses • Focuses on key aspects of subsistence activities (e.g., harvest and use levels, harvest areas, sharing, and traditional knowledge) • Describes changes caused by the spill that had implications for the long-term viability of a subsistence–based way of life

25. Chapter 9: Community Impacts of the Exxon Valdez Oil SpillJ. Steven Picou, Cecelia Formichella, Brent K. Marshall & Cataline Arata (U of So Alabama; U of Central Florida) • Addresses community & individual impacts of the EVOS • Considers issues that have been minimally addressed by research on spill-related community impacts: • community “recovery" and “litigation” • Presents data on community impacts of the EVOS over a nine-year period

26. Chapter 10: Further Reflections – Three Essays • Rosita Worl:Reflections on Social Science Research Related to OCS Development • Joseph G. Jorgensen:Reflections on the Social Indicators Monitoring Studies • John Petterson:Reflections on the Alaska Offshore Studies Paradigm

27. Chapter 11: Summary and Conclusions – Toward Future Social and Economic Research • MMS Alaska OCS ESP • Broad program • Geographically representative • Reflected unique aspects of AK human system • Produced a baseline upon which impacts could be measured • Responsive to research findings • Contributed to the understanding the causal links between OCS development & community impacts

28. Chapter 11: Summary and Conclusions – Toward Future Social and Economic Research • Ongoing projects: • Assess potential impacts of offshore activities on bowhead whale activities as perceived by North Slope residents • Linkage between bowhead whaling and OCS activities • Subsistence mapping – Barrow, Nuiqsut & Kaktovik • Subsistence whaling @ Cross Island • Suggestions for Future Social Research • Holistic approach that considers offshore & onshore oil development

29. Appendix

30. DVD • DVD Included • All 176 MMS technical and special reports will be included on a DVD in searchable .pdf format • Manuscript currently at UAF Press for review