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Philosophy of religion

KARAGANDA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Department: History of Kazakhstan and social-political disciplines Lecture 28. Philosophy of religion. Temirbekova M.Y. - teacher of department’s History of Kazakhstan and SPD, Master of Humanities. Brief contents Introduction

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Philosophy of religion

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  1. KARAGANDA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITYDepartment: History of Kazakhstan and social-political disciplines Lecture 28 Philosophy of religion Temirbekova M.Y. - teacher of department’s History of Kazakhstan and SPD, Master of Humanities

  2. Brief contents • Introduction • Philosophy of religion as a part of metaphysics • Main positions with regard to the existence of God

  3. Introduction • Philosophy of religion is a branch of philosophy concerned with questions regarding religion, including the nature and existence of God, the examination of religious experience, analysis of religious vocabulary and texts, and the relationship of religion and science. It is an ancient discipline, being found in the earliest known manuscripts concerning philosophy, and relates to many other branches of philosophy and general thought, including metaphysics, logic, and history. Philosophy of religion is frequently discussed outside of academia through popular books and debates, mostly regarding the existence of God and problem of evil. • The philosophy of religion differs from religious philosophy in that it seeks to discuss questions regarding the nature of religion as a whole, rather than examining the problems brought forth by a particular belief system. It is designed such that it can be carried out dispassionately by those who identify as believers or non-believers.

  4. Philosophy of religion as a part of metaphysics • Philosophy of religion has classically been regarded as a part of metaphysics. In Aristotle's Metaphysics, the necessarily prior cause of eternal motion was an unmoved mover, who, like the object of desire, or of thought, inspires motion without itself being moved. This, according to Aristotle, is God, the subject of study in theology. Today, however, philosophers have adopted the term philosophy of religion for the subject, and typically it is regarded as a separate field of specialization, although it is also still treated by some, particularly Catholic philosophers, as a part of metaphysics. • What is God? • Religious symbols, from left to right: • row 1: Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism • row 2: Islam, Buddhism, Shinto • row 3: Sikhism, Bahai, Jainism

  5. Among those who believe in supernatural beings, some believe there is just one God (monotheism), while others, such as Hindus, believe in many different deities (polytheism) while maintaining that all are manifestations of one God. Hindus have a widely followed monistic philosophy that can be said to be neither monotheistic nor polytheistic. Within these two broad categories (monotheism and polytheism) there is a wide variety of possible beliefs. For example, among the monotheists deists believe that the one God is like a watchmaker who wound up the universe and does not intervene further in the universe, and some theists believe that God continues to be active in the universe. Ignostics object that a coherent definition of God must be presented before the question of the existence of God can be meaningfully discussed. • Buddhism deals less with metaphysics and more with ontological questions and is generally not concerned with the existence of a creator God but focuses on a state called Nirvana.

  6. Main positions with regard to the existence of God • There are several main positions with regard to the existence of God that one might take: • Theism - the belief in the existence of one or more divinities or deities. • Pantheism - the belief that God exists as all things of the cosmos, that God is one and all is God; God is immanent. • Panentheism - the belief that God encompasses all things of the cosmos but that God is greater than the cosmos; God is both immanent and transcendent. • Deism - the belief that God does exist but does not interfere with human life and the laws of the universe; God is transcendent. • Monotheism - the belief that a single deity exists which rules the universe as a separate and individual entity.

  7. Polytheism - the belief that multiple deities exist which rule the universe as separate and individual entities. • Henotheism - the belief that multiple deities may or may not exist, though there is a single supreme deity. • Henology - believing that multiple avatars of a deity exist, which represent unique aspects of the ultimate deity. • Agnosticism - the belief that the existence or non-existence of deities or God is currently unknown or unknowable and cannot be proven. A weaker form of this might be defined as simply a lack of certainty about gods' existence or nonexistence. • Atheism - the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. • Strong atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. • Weak atheism is simply the absence of belief that any deities exist.

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