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ANALISIS KETAHANAN EKOSISTEM

Mk. Analisis Ekosistem. ANALISIS KETAHANAN EKOSISTEM. Diabstraksikan : smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13. BIODIVERSITY & SUSTAINABILITY. Biodiversity. The term “biodiversity” is a contraction of the phrase “biological diversity”.

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ANALISIS KETAHANAN EKOSISTEM

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  1. Mk. AnalisisEkosistem ANALISIS KETAHANAN EKOSISTEM Diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13

  2. BIODIVERSITY&SUSTAINABILITY

  3. Biodiversity • The term “biodiversity” is a contraction of the phrase “biological diversity”. • Biodiversity means the richness and variety of life - of genes, species and ecosystems.

  4. Biodiversity • Biodiversity maintains the health of the earth and its people. • It provides us with food and medicine and contributes to our economy. • It tells us a lot about the health of the biosphere. • The greater the variety of species, the healthier the biosphere.

  5. The more links in a food web, the more stable it is.

  6. Sustainability • The ability to maintain ecological processes over long periods of time. • Sustainability of an ecosystem is the ability of that ecosystem to maintain its structure and function over time in the face of external stress.

  7. Sustainability • Is strongly linked to ecosystem health. • The more sustainable an ecosystem is, the healthier it is because it is able to “deal” with external stress better (i.e. limiting factors).

  8. Biodiversity & Sustainability • The biodiversity of an ecosystem contributes to the sustainability of that ecosystem. • Higher/more biodiversity = more sustainable • Lower/less biodiversity = less sustainable • High biodiversity in an ecosystem means that there is a great variety of genes and species in that ecosystem.

  9. Biodiversity & Sustainability • A great variety of genes and species means that the ecosystem is better able to carry out natural processes in the face of external stress. • Thus, the ecosystem is more sustainable.

  10. Biodiversity and Sustainability • The more sustainable an ecosystem is, the better it is for the environment and for people. • People use ecosystems as sources of food, medicine and economy. • Thus, it is in everyone’s best interest to increase the sustainability of ecosystems. • How can we do this?

  11. Contohnya: • The greater the variety of genes and species of fish, plants and animals in the Lake Winnipeg ecosystem, the more biodiversity. • Higher biodiversity will increase the ecosystem’s sustainability • Why is this important? Walleye Whitefish Northern pike

  12. What is ecosystem stability? • The vast majority of natural ecosystems experience regular environmental change, or disturbances. • Most ecologists describe ecosystem stability as the ability of an ecosystem to maintain its structure and function over long periods of time and despite disturbances. • Ecosystem structure includes physical and geological structures of the landscape, the number and diversity of species present, the population sizes of those species, and the ways in which these populations interact. • Ecosystem function refers to processes such as water and nutrient cycling and biomass productivity that the ecosystem provides. . Sumber: www.aisd.net/aisd/Portals/73/1/a/.../12F%20Ecosystem%20Stability.ppt‎

  13. Resistance and Resilience • There are two main components to ecosystem stability: resistance and resilience. • An ecosystem displays resistance if keeps its structure and continues normal functions even when environmental conditions change. • An ecosystem displays resilience if, following a disturbance, it eventually regains its normal structure and function. . Sumber: www.aisd.net/aisd/Portals/73/1/a/.../12F%20Ecosystem%20Stability.ppt‎

  14. Ecosystems that show a high degree of stability may have different combinations of resistance and resilience. • Research has shown that species diversity is often the key to both ecosystem resistance and resilience. • An ecosystem rich in biodiversity will likely be more stable than one whose biodiversity islow. 1. InferIf an ecosystem has low biodiversity, is it more or less stable than an ecosystem of high biodiversity? . Sumber: www.aisd.net/aisd/Portals/73/1/a/.../12F%20Ecosystem%20Stability.ppt‎

  15. How does environmental change affect ecosystem stability? • Communities respond to environmental change in ways that reflect the responses of the species and populations in the community. • Species respond to environmental change in ways that enable them to maintain homeostasis. • Populations respond in ways that reflect the success or failure of members of the population to survive and reproduce. . Sumber: www.aisd.net/aisd/Portals/73/1/a/.../12F%20Ecosystem%20Stability.ppt‎

  16. Changing environmental conditions can cause the decline of local biodiversity. If this happens, an ecosystem’s resistance and/or resilience may decline. The end result is that the ecosystem loses stability. • Ecosystems that are less stable may not be able to respond to a normal environmental disturbance, which may damage ecosystem structure, ecosystem function, or both. . Sumber: www.aisd.net/aisd/Portals/73/1/a/.../12F%20Ecosystem%20Stability.ppt‎

  17. How does natural environmental change affect ecosystem stability? • Fires, heavy storms, and natural climate change can cause major changes in local populations of plants and animals. • A decline in natural biodiversity can make an ecosystem less stable. 2. Apply ConceptsWhat is one example of a local natural environmental change? How did it impact ecosystem stability? . Sumber: www.aisd.net/aisd/Portals/73/1/a/.../12F%20Ecosystem%20Stability.ppt‎

  18. How does environmental change caused by human actions affect ecosystem stability? • Humans affect ecosystem stability in many ways, including habitat loss, introduction of nonnative species, release of pollution into food webs, and contribution to climate change. • Ecosystems are frequently destroyed for agricultural activity and urban development. Clearing patches of habitat can split ecosystems into pieces, a process called habitat fragmentation. . Sumber: www.aisd.net/aisd/Portals/73/1/a/.../12F%20Ecosystem%20Stability.ppt‎

  19. Remaining pieces of habitat become habitat “islands” surrounded by a different habitat. The smaller a habitat island is, the fewer species can live there, and the smaller their populations can be. • A keystone species is one that has a strong and/or wide-reaching impact on a community’s stability. If a keystone species declines in number, the ecosystem becomes much less stable. 3. PredictSea otters, a keystone species, eat sea urchins, which in turn eat kelp. In the 1990s, sea otter populations off the coast of Alaska declined because orcas ate large numbers of otters. What effect did this have on the sea otters’ ecosystem? . Sumber: www.aisd.net/aisd/Portals/73/1/a/.../12F%20Ecosystem%20Stability.ppt‎

  20. Humans sometimes introduce organisms into a new habitat, whereit can become invasive and threaten biodiversity and ecosystem structure. • An invasive species is a nonnative species that spreads widely in a community. Nonnative species become invasive if their new surroundings lack natural population checks such as predators or competitors. • Invasive species usually cause local native biodiversity to decline and therefore affect ecosystem stability. 4. ContrastWhat is the difference between nonnative species and invasive species? . Sumber: www.aisd.net/aisd/Portals/73/1/a/.../12F%20Ecosystem%20Stability.ppt‎

  21. Many pollutants, including pesticides and acid rain, impact plant and animal populations. These changes, in turn, threaten biodiversity. • Organisms are adapted to their environments and have specific tolerance ranges to conditions such as temperature. If conditions change beyond an organism’s tolerance, the organism must move to another location or face extinction. • Increases in Earth’s average temperatures could affect ecosystem structures and functions. • Scientists are not yet sure how predicted changes in global climate within the next several decades will affect ecosystem stability worldwide. . Sumber: www.aisd.net/aisd/Portals/73/1/a/.../12F%20Ecosystem%20Stability.ppt‎

  22. Biodiversitas & StabilitasEkosistem

  23. Biodiversitas & StabilitasEkosistem Which organism will have the lowestenergy? Explain how you know. Which organism will have the highestbiomass? Explain how you know. If the blue bird consumes 100 J of energy, how much energy will the eagle be able to get from eating the blue bird? CHALLENGE! If the grass provided 367 J of energy, how much energy will the bluebird get? What about the eagle that eats the bird? Sumber: sanacorescience.wikispaces.com/.../6.3+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Sta...‎

  24. Low or High Biodiversity? Sumber: smno.agroforestry.hutanjati.saradan.2012‎

  25. Benefits of Biodiversity • Key Point #1: There are three main benefits to biodiversity • Many people find nature beautiful • Provides medicines • Preserves ecosystem stability Sumber: sanacorescience.wikispaces.com/.../6.3+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Sta...‎

  26. Ecosystem stability… What? • Stable = things stay the same • Key Point #2: High biodiversity = stable ecosystem, low biodiversity = unstable ecosystem • If an ecosystem is unstable, one small change could cause many species to die • If an ecosystem is stable, it does not change easily Sumber: sanacorescience.wikispaces.com/.../6.3+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Sta...‎

  27. Ms. S, show me another way to write that! • Key Point #2: High biodiversity = stable ecosystem, low biodiversity = unstable ecosystem • CHANGE! • Lots of species die  Unstable • Most species don’t change  Stable Sumber: sanacorescience.wikispaces.com/.../6.3+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Sta...‎

  28. This food web has low biodiversity Rabbits eat grass. Foxes eat rabbits Foxes Rabbit Grass Sumber: sanacorescience.wikispaces.com/.../6.3+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Sta...‎

  29. Jaring-jaringMakanandenganBiodiversitasRendah A disturbance hits… A drought happens and kills all the grass. Foxes Rabbit Grass Sumber: sanacorescience.wikispaces.com/.../6.3+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Sta...‎

  30. Jaring-jaringMakanandenganBiodiversitasRendah • What happens to the foxes? How many species do we have left? Foxes 0! Rabbit BIG change? Grass Sumber: sanacorescience.wikispaces.com/.../6.3+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Sta...‎

  31. Jaring-jaringMakanandenganBiodiversitasTinggi Let’s add a few more species to our original ecosystem Lettuce Foxes Rabbit Chickens Grass Sumber: sanacorescience.wikispaces.com/.../6.3+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Sta...‎

  32. Jaring-jaringMakanandneganBiodiversitastinggi A disturbance hits… A drought happens and kills all the grass. Foxes Lettuce Rabbit Chickens Grass Sumber: sanacorescience.wikispaces.com/.../6.3+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Sta...‎

  33. Jaring-jaring Makanan dnegan Biodiversitas tinggi • What happens to the foxes? Population size decreases… a little Foxes Lettuce Rabbit BIG change? Chickens Grass Sumber: sanacorescience.wikispaces.com/.../6.3+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Sta...‎

  34. MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT An international scientific assessment of the consequences of ecosystem changes for human well-being: • Modeled on the IPCC • Providing information requested by: • Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) • Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) • Ramsar Convention on Wetlands • Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) • other partners including the private sector and civil society • With the goals of: • stimulating and guiding action to conserve ecosystems and enhance their contribution to human well-being • building capacity to undertake integrated ecosystem assessments and to act on their information . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  35. TANTANGAN MANUSIA • Considerable progress has been made in fighting poverty • life expectancy increasing • infant mortality decreasing • agricultural production increasing, etc. • Major problems remain • 1.2 billion people live on less than $1 per day • 1 billion people do not have access to clean water • More than 2 billion people have no access to sanitation • 1.3 billion are breathing air below the standards considered acceptable by WHO • 700 million people suffer from indoor air pollution due to biomass burning . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University Source: Serageldin, 2002, Science 296:54

  36. Global Assessment Users Regional Development Banks, etc. Regional National Government National Local Community Local Why a Multi-Scale Assessment?Expect that findings at any scale of a multi-scale assessment will be improved by information and perspectives from other scales Rationale • Characteristic scale of processes • Greater resolution at smaller scales • Independent validation of conclusions • Response options matched to the scale where decision-making takes place . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  37. Ecosystem Services: The benefits people obtain from ecosystems Provisioning Goods produced or provided by ecosystems • food • fresh water • fuel wood • fiber • biochemicals • genetic resources Cultural Non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems • spiritual • recreational • aesthetic • inspirational • educational • communal • symbolic Regulating Benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes • climate regulation • disease regulation • flood regulation • detoxification Supporting Services necessary for production of other ecosystem services. • Soil formation • Nutrient cycling • Primary production . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  38. . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  39. ECOSYSTEM CHANGES AFFECT HUMAN WELL-BEING Security is affected both by changes in provisioning services, which affect supplies of food and other goods and the likelihood of conflict over declining resources, and by changes in regulating services, which could influence the frequency and magnitude of floods, droughts or other catastrophes. It can also be affected by changes in cultural services as, for example, when their loss contributes to the weakening of social relations in a community. These changes in turn affect material well-being, health, freedom and choice and good social relations. Human well-being can be enhanced through sustainable human interactions with ecosystems supported by necessary instruments, institutions, organizations, and technology. Creation of these through participation and transparency may contribute to freedoms and choice as well as to increased economic, social, and ecological security. By ecological security, we mean the minimum level of ecological stock needed to ensure a sustainable flow of ecosystem services. . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  40. Isu-isuygberhubungan dg Ketahanan Food and water insecurity is a second primary area of concern in changes in ecosystems services. Multiple domains of vulnerability exist in food security regimes and livelihood systems. Production, economic exchanges, and nutrition are key elements as well as more structural issues associated with the political economy. Examples: • Desertification in China (sand storms) • Eutrofication in western coastal ecosystems • Long-term droughts and rainfall variability in the Sahel • Crop failures in rural Africa . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  41. Climate Change Climate Change Land Cover Change Biodiversity Loss Nutrient Loading Etc. Energy Sector Biodiversity Food Supply Water Ecosystems Health Health Economics Economics Social Social Millennium Assessment IPCC Framework Examines Multiple Drivers as they Influence Ecosystems and Human Well-being Driver Response Human Impact . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  42. Source: Ayensu et al. 1999. Science 286:685-686. Framework allows examination of trade-offs among services Water availability Food supply and demand Freshwater supply and demand Water use and nutrient loss Erosion andwater flow Land transformation Hydrologic CO2 and temperature changes N, CH4, N20 emissions Forest product supply and demand Precipitation & temperature Climatechange Habitat loss Habitat loss Loss and fragmentation of habitat Loss of crop genetic diversity Reduced resilience to change Habitat change Change in transpiration & albedo Biodiversityloss . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  43. KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  44. KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  45. KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  46. KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  47. KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  48. KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  49. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS At a global level there have been substantial improvements in human wellbeing since the 1950s. World population has almost tripled, but the ability to support that population expanded even more. Life expectancy increased and infant mortality rates declined almost everywhere. . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

  50. PRELIMINARY FINDINGS More important, however, has been the enormous expansion in human capital. Literacy rates are a proxy for the number of people with at least primary education. Literacy has increased everywhere. Secondary and tertiary education rates have also expanded greatly. . Sumber: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Connecting ecosystems and their services with environmental and social security. RikLeemans. Wageningen University

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