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Facilitating the Planning Process

Deployable Joint Task Force Augmentation Cell (DJTFAC) Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT). Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) / Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF). Facilitating the Planning Process.

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Facilitating the Planning Process

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  1. Deployable Joint Task Force Augmentation Cell (DJTFAC) Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT) Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF) Facilitating the Planning Process

  2. Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF) Purpose Familiarization with the fundamentals of establishing a Multinational Force (MNF) / Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF) • Terminology and Design • Command and Control • CTF Headquarters Staff and MNF Force Structure • References • Joint Pub 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces, 24 Feb 95 • JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations,10 Sep 01 • JP 3-16, Doctrine for Multinational Operations • JP 3-56 Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Ops, Draft, Apr 97 • JP 5-00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures, 13 Jan 99

  3. Multinational Operations “ ‘Multinational operations’ is a collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations. Such operations are usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance” JP 3-16

  4. CTF Crisis Action Planning (CAP) Process I Situation Development II Crisis Assessment III COA Development IV COA Selection V Execution Planning VI Execution CMDR’s Estimate CTF should be activated at the earliest possible time – based upon situational factors. CTF is activated “not later than” beginning of Phase III (earlier is desired) Execution Planning CTF HQ Level Form CTF HQ CAP Deployment Employment Transition Redeployment Augmentation CAP crisis action planning COA course of action

  5. Key Terminology • MNF: Multinational Force – “Broad Overarching Term” • Describes the “broader force” and includes the participating Nation’s and Strategic Planning Headquarters (HQs). • The entire organization of nations, participating forces, and support based upon “shared interests”. • Two Types of MNF Operations: • Coalition: Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based (East Timor) • Combined: Alliance / Treaty Based (Example: NATO or UNC / CFC - Korea)

  6. Key Terminology(continued) • CTF: Coalition / Combined Task Force • Coalition TF (CTF): Ad-Hoc / Crisis-Oriented • Combined TF (CTF): Alliance / Treaty-Based (predeterminedguidelines and / or contingency plans present)

  7. Strategic Guidance • Effective Mission Accomplishment by a CTF requires clear and legitimate strategic guidance from a higher headquarters • Sources of Guidance: • Multinational Regional Organization guidance based upon alliance / treaty. • Coalition Multinational Organizational guidance based upon crisis action coordination / collaboration and ad-hoc (non-treaty) actions. • UN Security Council or General Assembly resolution and mandate for multinational military operations (UN authorized or UN lead).   • Unilateral Operations by a single country that evolves into a coalition operation or UN operation.

  8. Essential Strategic Guidance • Essential Strategic Guidance: • Purpose for MNF Action (purpose for CTF activation) • Broad Mission Statement MNF (CTF) • Broad Objectives for MNF (CTF) • Broad Criteria for termination and transition of MNF Opns • Participating Nations and contribution • Lead Nation for effort and MNF SOP that will be used • Agreement on Collective Security Interests Involved • Specific Diplomatic, Economic, Informational, or Military Limitations, Concerns, Sensitivities

  9. “The Realities” Essential Strategic Guidance • Guidance may be initially incomplete or fragmentary due to the complex and rapidly evolving crisis situation • Guidance will require ongoing refinements and adjustments as the crisis evolves • Strategic and CTF commanders / staff need to continually press for updated / refined guidance as required by the situation (never-ending process)

  10. Command Relationships “... there should be no mistaking the fact that the greatest obstacles to unity of command during UNOSOM II were imposed by the United States on itself . . . command arrangements had effectively created a condition that allowed no one to set clear, unambiguous priorities in designing and executing a comprehensive force package.” Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned Jan 95, Page 60

  11. Command Relationships&Control / Coordination Relationships • Foundation: Two Chains of Command Always Exist • Within the CTF command, each nations’ forces are commanded by TWO separate chains of command: #1: The Respective “NATIONAL” Chain of Command #2: The CTF “MULTINATIONAL” Chain of Command

  12. Command Relationship Terms • Command and Control Relationships / Concepts: • Operational Control (OPCON): Command authority to organize and employ forces, assign tasks, designate objectives, and give authoritive direction necessary to accomplish the mission • Tactical Control (TACON): A more restrictive command authority, limited to the detailed control of movements or maneuvers within a give operational area (AO) necessary to accomplish assigned missions or tasks. • SUPPORT: Command authority for support relationships to assist in the coordination and direction of MNF logistical planning, coordination, and control / direction

  13. Command Relationships • Combatant Command (COCOM) • COCOM is one concept of a national command authority at the theater strategic level. • The authority to organize and employ a nation’s forces as necessary for mission accomplishment. • Includes all aspects of military operations, joint training, and logistics It is never relinquished to a commander of another nation. • Operational Control (OPCON) • Perform functions of command: • Authoritative direction for all military operations & training • Organize and employ commands and forces • Assign tasks & designate objectives • Establish plans/requirements for intelligence activity • Suspend/reassign subordinate commanders • Tactical Control (TACON) • Local direction and control of movements • Typical in Functional Command structure • Does not include: • Organizational authority • Administrative and logistics support

  14. Categories of Support(A Form of Command Relationship) General Support Given to the supported force as a whole rather than to a particular Subdivision thereof. Mutual Support Support which units render each other against an enemy because of their assigned tasks, positions relative to each other and to the enemy, and their inherent capabilities Direct Support A mission requiring a force to support another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly the supported force’s request for assistance. Close Support Actions by the supporting force against targets or objectives that are sufficiently near the supported force as to require detailed integration or coordination of the supporting action with the fire, movement or other actions of the supported force.

  15. CTF Control and Coordination Other Supporting Authority Concepts • Coordinating Authority – requires consultation • Coalition Coordination Center Concept – special organizations to address CTF challenges (integrated into CTF HQs template) • Direct Liaison Authorized (DIRLAUTH) – direct coordination and liaison authorized, keep granting HQs informed • Liaison – CRITICAL for MNF / CTF, should deploy immediately to CTF and Supported Strategic Commander planning location(s) • Agreements – Made during crisis actions / Status of Forces Agreements / Logistics / MNF mission and end state, etc. • “Hand-Con” – Informal but “binding” based upon fast moving situation; very possible at “tactical levels” (does not replace formal planning / control / coordination / command, “Local Control”.

  16. Chain of Command NCA PRESIDENT CJCS SECRETARY OF DEFENSE UNIFIED COMMANDS MILITARY DEPARTMENTS COCOM Service Forces (Not assigned by “Forces For”) JOINT/COALITION TASK FORCE FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT SERVICE COMPONENT COMMANDS OPCON SERVICE COMPONENTS/ FORCES Chain of Command Administrative Chain SUBORDINATE UNIFIED COMMAND Coordination

  17. US JTF (Two-Tiered) Command & Control NCA National Strategic National Command / Strategic Direction CJCS Supporting CINC(s) CINC Theater Strategic USA COMP USN COMP USAF COMP USMC COMP SOF COMP TIER I TIER II JTF Operational Level USA COMP USN COMP USAF COMP USMC COMP SOF COMP JPOTF Tactical Level Chain of Command Administrative Chain Coordination

  18. III MEF USPACOM’s Potential Coalition / Combined Task Force HQs ALCOM I CORPS I MEF 7th Fleet 3rd Fleet SOCPAC

  19. MNF / CTF Employment • For a contingency operation, a Lead Nation and theater strategic commander (designated as the ‘Supported Strategic Commander’) will be nominated to lead the operation on behalf of the multinational partners, and a contingency coalition / combined task force (CTF) will be established to conduct military operations. The CTF is formed for a specific limited objective and dissolved upon achieving its assigned objectives. • MNF Chain of Command: • NCA (lead nation) Supported Strategic Cmdr (CINC) CCTF • Use crisis action planning (CAP) Procedures Bottom Line: Requires Combined / Joint Staff employing Combined / Joint Processes

  20. MNF / CTF Missions NEO CM Peace Enforcement MOOTW / SSC is most likely scenario • Short Duration / Small Scale / No-Notice • Joint • Multinational / Interagency HA/ Disaster Relief SSC MRC Peace Keeping

  21. Facts and Decisions Affecting MNF/CTF Structure Facts Decisions Assigned Tasks CTF Mission Required Capabilities Force Options Force Options Component Structure Component Structure C2 Structure Basing Support Structure • CTF Staff Structure • MNF Force Structure

  22. CTF OrganizationMNF Operations “Nothing that I have ever been taught prepared me for the mental jump needed to go from being Chief of Operations in NATO army group to being Chief of Staff of a UN Operation, where I had to bring together the staff from ten different nations and staff the deployment in less than three weeks from the Security Resolution.” Major General R.A. Cordy-Simpson UKAR

  23. Unified Action in Multinational Operations Coordination and Consensus are key elements for MNF operations Unity of Command is desired -- Unity of Effort is required Principles of Multinational Unity of Effort • COMMON UNDERSTANDING • All forces should understand the overall aim and the concept for its • attainment. Simplicity of plan and organization are essential • COORDINATED POLICY AND PLANS • Nations should exchange qualified liaison officers at the earliest • opportunity to improve interoperability and mutual • understanding • TRUST AND CONFIDENCE • Commanders and their representatives must establish and • maintain trust and confidence. Plain, objective communication • and common courtesy are essential.

  24. Our Goal A MNF/CTF that can: • Rapidly plan in a complex setting • Develop a plan which supports national and strategic theater goals • Continuously integrate logistics • Orient on the threat/enemy’s center of gravity • Efficiently execute a plan based on the commander’s concept • Achieve synergy in the employment of all military and inter-agency capabilities

  25. Lead Nation Concept • A Lead Nation is designated by the participating nations within the MNF effort • Lead Nation is responsible for the strategic consultation / coordination for the MNF effort • Among nations • With UN channels • With other Non-Governmental or International Organization (NGO / IO) • Lead Nation acts as the “single channel” of MNF strategic direction / guidance to military forces within the MNF effort based upon collaboration and agreements with participating nations • Provides for “unity of effort”

  26. Lead Nation Command Structure (Provides for Integrated Command and Control – Unity of Command & Effort) Participating Nation #2 (US NCA) Lead Nation NCA (Nation #1) (AS NCA) Participating Nation #3 (GOP NCA) Supporting Strategic Commander (CINC) Supported Strategic Commander (CDF) Supporting Strategic Commander (AFP JCS) Commander Coalition / Combined Task Force (CCTF) Consultation / Coordination National CommandElement (NCE) National Command Element (NCE) Collaboration/ Support Participating AFP Forces Participating US Forces Participating AS Forces Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACON And Support National Command National Command, Theater

  27. Parallel Command Structure (Minimal Integrated Command and Control –Unity of Effort Through Coordination) Nation #2 NCA Nation #1 NCA Theater Strategic Commander – Nation # 1 Theater Strategic Commander – Nation # 2 TF East Sector Commander TF West Sector Commander Coalition Coordination Center Participating Nation #1 Forces Participating Nation #2 Forces 1. Strategic Guidance 3. OPCON or TACON and Support 2. National Command 5. Theater or COCOM Command 4. Consultation / Coordination

  28. Tailored Lead Nation Command Structure (Parallel Command -- Foreign Command of Nation’s Forces is an Issue) Nation #1 Lead Nation Consultation / Coordination Supporting Strategic Commander Supported Strategic Commander Collaboration/ Coordination Participating Nation #1 Commander CCTF Coalition Coordination Center Participating Nation #1 Participating Nation #2 Participating Nation #3 Legend: Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACON And Support National Command National Command, Coordination

  29. Legend: OPCON or TACON Integrated Command Structure (Integrated Alliance or Lead Nation Alliance) Designated Lead Nation NCA Or Legitimizing Authority (Treaty) With Strategic Guidance Committee or Governing Body (Example: National Defense Committee) CTF Staff is fully integrated with alliance personnel Components are fully integrated normally at the Brigade / Squadron levels of command and above (no integration below this level) Alliance Commander (Commander Combined TF – CCTF) Multinational Force Multinational Force Multinational Force Provides for Integrated Command and Control – Unity of Command & Effort

  30. CTF Component Structure (Service) Simplicity in a Time Compressed Environment Capabilities or functions do not overlap Supported Strategic Cmdr (CINC) CCTF CNAVFOR CAFFOR CARFOR CMARFOR CSOTF

  31. CTF Component Structure (Functional) Organize by capabilities or functions Unity of Effort Supported Strategic Commander (CINC) CINC CCTF CFMCC CFACC CFLCC CSOTF CPOTF CCMOTF

  32. CTF Component Structure (Subordinate TFs & CTFs) Geographic or Mission Specific Unity of Effort Supported Strategic Commander (CINC) CINC CCTF CTF TRANS CTF MED TF Eng TF Security

  33. Lead Nation CTF Component Organization Functional Component & Task Force Legend: Strategic Guidance And Support OPCON or TACON National Command Tentative, This component may or may not be activated due to nature of the crisis. Coordination, Support and Consultation Supporting Nation)s) (NCA) Lead Nation (NCA) Supported Strategic Commander Supporting Strategic Commander(s) CCC Coalition Coordination Center (used within coalitions) Commander Coalition / Combined Task Force (CCTF) CCC CFLCC Ground Component CFMCC Maritime Component CFACC Air Component CSOTF National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces CCMOTF CPOTF

  34. Lead Nation CTF Component Organization Service Component & Task Force National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces National Forces Legend: Strategic Guidance And Support OPCON or TACON National Command Tentative, This component may or may not be activated due to nature of the crisis. Coordination, Support and Consultation Supporting Nation (s) (NCA) Lead Nation (NCA) Supporting Strategic Commander(s) Supported Strategic Commander CCC Coalition Coordination Center (used in coalitions) Commander Coalition / Combined Task Force (CCTF) CCC CARFOR Army Forces CNAVFOR Navy Forces CAFFOR Air Forces CSOTF CMARFOR MARINE Forces CMOTF (Civil Military) CPOTF (Psychological)

  35. The CTF Staff • Task Organized to the Specific Mission • Capable of Rapid Information Processing • Organized for Efficiency • Shortened Plan-Decide-Execute Cycle

  36. The Leap to the Operational Level Lead Nation NCA Supported Strategic Cmdr / CINC MPAT & MNF SOP CTF TACTICAL LEVEL CMARFOR CNAVFOR CARFOR CAFFOR CSOTF CPOTF A formidable challenge, building an operational staff from single service tactical HQs. A leap from the “Comfort Zone” MEF HQ FLEET HQ CORPS HQ AEF HQ

  37. Not Business As Usual Minimal Time Philosophy Structure Procedures Cellular Staff Structure Ops Comm Intel Plans Log Pers CTF Staff Process Crisis Action Planning Phase I: Situation Development Phase II: Crisis Assessment Phase III: COA Development Phase IV: COA Selection Phase V: Execution Planning Phase VI: Execution Operational Level Focus Conducted by a “New” Staff

  38. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Single Service HQ Staff COMMANDER G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6

  39. Forming the CTF Staff (MNF Ops) LNOs from Supporting Commands Add’l MPAT SMEs: PSYOP, Civil Affairs, Legal, Medical, Pol-Mil, etc. MPAT / DJTFAC Lead Nation CTF Headquarters C1/Personnel C2/ Intel C3/ Ops C4/ Log C5/ Plans C6/ Comms Cultural Dynamics SOPs CTF HQ Infrastructure Differences Communications Operational Level focus TTPs

  40. USCINCPAC Staff (20) O-6 Team Chief 1xJ1 1xJ2 2xJ3 (OPS) 3xJ3 (Plans) 3xJ3 (IO / CA / PSYOP) 2xJ4 (Plans / Eng) 2xJ5 (TPFDD) 1xJ5 (Pol-Mil) 1xJ6 1xPA 1xSJA 1xMed USCINPAC Components(20) PACAF (5) Airlift & Fighter Ops Airlift Management Logistics & Ops Planners USARPAC (4) Logistics & Ops Planners Terrain Analysis Tm CINPACFLT (2) Logistics & Ops Planners MARFORPAC (2) Logistics & Ops Planners JICPAC (6) IAT Officers & NCOs SOCPAC (1) CTF Augmentation Source: DJTFAC TRAINED---EXPERIENCED---READY TO DEPLOY---WORK FOR THE CTF

  41. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF CTF Staff Structure CCTF • Command Group • Battle Staff • Integrated Staff Cells • Routine Support • Liaison C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON How Does It Work?

  42. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Command Group CCTF • Decision Makers • Intent • Guidance • CCIR C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  43. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Battle Staff CCTF • Chief of Staff Direction • Staff Cognizance over Integrated Cells • Represents all Key Battlefield Operating Systems • Deals with Processed Data C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  44. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Integrated Staff Cells CCTF • Cross Functional Representation • LNO Representation • Information Management • Battle Rhythm • Plans Handover C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 COALITION / COMBINED PLANNING GROUP (CPG) INFORMATION OPERATIONS CELL COALITION / COMBINED OPERATIONS CENTER (COC) FORCES DEPLOYMENT / TPFDD WORKING GROUP LIAISON

  45. Integrated Staff Cells • OPERATIONAL PLANNING TM (OPT) • POLITICAL MILITARY GROUP • COMMUNICATIONS COORD CELL • RULES OF ENGAGE COMM • C/C DISEASE CONT BD • C/C INFORMATION BUREAU • MORALE, WELFARE, AND RECREATION • MILITARY COORD CENTER • SECURITY ASSESSMENT TEAM • SPECIAL OPS CELL • C/C MEDICAL CONT BD • HEALTH SERV SPT BD • C/C VISITORS BUREAU • INFORMATION MANAGEMENT CTR • C/C MORTUARY AFF BD • C/C HNS SPT BD • C/C CONTRACTING BD • EPW MANAGEMENT BOARD • C/C CAPTURED MATERIAL EXPLOIT CELL • COMBAT OPERATIONS CENTER • C/C MOBILITY AND ENG BD • C/C TERRAIN MANAGE BD • LOGISTICS READINESS CENTER • C/C PETROLEUM BD • C/C LOG COORD BD • REAR AREA OPERATIONS CTR • C/C MOVEMENT CONT CTR • C/C RECEPTION CENTER • COALITION/COMBINED PLANNING GROUP (CPG) • FUTURE OPS (FOPS) • FUTURE PLANS (PLANS) • CURRENT OPS (COPS) • DEPLOYMENT MGT TEAM (DMT) • COALITION COORDINATION CENTER (CC-CENTER) • MULTINATIONAL JOINT LOGISTICS COORDINATION CENTER (MJL-CC) • C/C INTERROGATION CELL • C/C COLLECTION BOARD • FORCE FIRES • C/C TARGET BOARD • CIVIL MILITARY OPS CENTER (CMOC) • C/C AV LOG SPT BD Note: Coalition/Combined (C/C)

  46. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Routine Staff Support CCTF • More Closely Aligned with Normal Staff Organization • Representatives on Integrated Cell • More meetings than Bodies: Battle Rhythm • Linkage to staffs higher and lower C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  47. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Liaison “They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and make their recommendations.” • Liaison supporting, higher and lower staffs • Liaisons to CTF staff become key members of Integrated Cells • More meetings than Bodies: Battle Rhythm • Rank/Experience critical: Must be able to speak for the commander LTG Stiner, USA Cdr, JTF South, Operation Just Cause CCTF C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  48. Standardized CTF HQs Red Area “ Shared Top Level Classification Info Area Commander Coalition / Combined Task Force (CCTF) Special Access Ops (SOF) Classification: Case by Case Classification: Secret – MNF REL DCCTF Coalition Coordination Center (CCC) Civil-Military Operations Center (CMOC) Personal Staff COS C4 LOG C5 PLANS C6 COMMS C7 CIV-MIL C2 INTEL C3 OPNS C1 PERS CTF PLANNING PROCESS(PLANS, FOPS, AND COPS) Coalition / Combined Logistics Coordination Center (CLCC) Secret – MNF REL Multinational and CTF Media Support Staffs (Coalition / Combined Media Pools) LIAISON & COORD = MNF REL = MULTINATIONAL FORCE RELEASABLE

  49. “Hand-Off” of Plan “Hand-Off” of Plan CAP Phase VI Execution CTF Planning Process Functions Focus 24 – 96 Hrs Focus 0 – 24 hrs Focus 96 Hrs and beyond CTF: 0-24 Hrs Near Term Current Mid-Term to Long Range “What‘s the Situation & What Refinements Are Required” CTF: 24-96 Hrs “Issue & Monitor What Adjustments Are Required” C3 Future Operations (FOPS) “What’s Next” “Provides for an integrated and managed process of the movement of CTF plans from the planning stage, to the refinement stage, and then to the execution stage”

  50. CAP Products Collaboration Tools CAP Phase VI Execution Plans and Operations Synchronization Command Group Prioritize/Task CTF Planning Efforts & Provide Direction/Guidance CTF Battle Staff CTF: 96 Hrs / Next Phase Transition, or Termination CTF: 0-24 Hrs CTF: 24-96 Hrs C3 Current Operations (COPS) C3 Future Operations (FOPS) C5 Future Plans (PLANS) “Hand-Off” of Plan “Hand-Off” of Plan Initial & Campaign Plan Follow-on Phase - Plans What’s Next? Issues Orders, Drafts Pertinent Messages Monitor, Assess, Direct & Control Execution. Maintain SA. Refines, Adjusts & Modifies OPORDs-OPLANs (Based upon Current Situation) CPG OPT CAP Products • OPORD-OPLANS / Campaign Plan • Sequel plans for future phases • Concept of operations • Draft Cmdr’s Intent • Initial Cmdr’s guidance • Wargaming results • Pol-Mil Issues • Situational Awareness (SA / COP) • Monitor Plan Execution • Briefings • SITREP/ near-term FRAGOs • Message Release • Track Actions / Suspenses • Branch plans with triggers • Draft Commander’s Intent • Commanders Estimate • Orders (WARNO, FRAGO, Etc.) • Recommend CCIR, ROE • CCIR & ROE 12

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