Infectious diseases of the dog and cat

1. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat

2. The Respiratory tract Canine Distemper Canine Adenovirus type 2 Parainfluenza virus 2 Canine Herpesvirus 1

3. Distemper Paramyxovirus Disease of Canidae, seals, dolphins… Serologically unique Virus strains differ in virulence Not very resistant

4. Patogenesis Respiratory infection - aerosol Primary replication in macrophages of upper respiratory tract (within 24 hours) and subsequently in macrophages and lymphocytes (lymph nodes, tonziles) 6 days following infection, first wave of fever and lymphopenia Critical period: 8-10 days p.i. Virus dissemination in epithelial cells and CNS

5. Critical period Ab titre > 100: Virus elimination End of viremia Long lasting immunity absence of Ab: Till 10 – 18 days Infection of epithelial cells Secondary replication 2nd wave of fever Lymphopenia Clinical signs

6. Distemper – forms: Systemic Distemper Gastroenteritis Conjunctivitis Bronchitis, pneumonia Nervous form Hematogenous spread of the virus Demyelinisation Old dog encephalitis Hyperkeratosis (hard pad) Transplacental transmission Immunosupression, secondary infections

7. Diagnostics Conjunctival swab pharyngeal swab urine, blood, serum Cerebrospinal fluid Postmortem: lungs, tonzils, lymph nodes, urinary bladder, brain

8. Diagnostics IFA - yes Isolation on tissue cultures – no Isolation on embryonnated eggs – no Intracytoplasmatic and intranuclear inclusions (in epithel. cells, neuronal cells, leukocytes)

9. Failure of IFA Virus masking by antibodies Virus occurrence in focuses Time limited occurrence

10. Detection of Antibodies VNT (paired samples) Indirect IFA Immune status (after 2nd. viremia) Prognosis non favourable < 1:20 Protection > 1:100 Protection incertain 1:20 – 1:100

11. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid Used to confirm CDV encephalopathy Detection of specific IgM and IgG in the CSF-acute Distemper

12. Kennel cough Viruses: Parainfluenza virus 2 Adenovirus type 2

13. Bacterial and fungal infections in the respiratory system (RS) Nasal infections (acute/ chronic diseases, mycoses) Upper RT (kennel cough) Lower RT

14. Diagnosis of RS infections Localizing diseases Imaginig the RT (endoscopy, tomography, magnetic resonance imaginig) Obtaining material for microbiological examinations: Swabing of RS Washing (nasal, transtracheal aspiration, endotracheal w., bronchoalveolar lavage)

15. The upper RS     B.bronchiseptica prim. doxycycline p.o.   S.intermedius co-amoxicillin p.o. cephalosporins 1.g. p.o.   Escherichia coli flumequin p.o.   Pasteurella multocida cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. amox./ampicillin p.o.   Klebsiella pneumoniae flumequin p.o. Aspergillus spp.  

16. The lower RS: Bronchopneumonia I. B.bronchiseptica prim. doxycycline p.o.   S.intermedius co-amoxicillin p.o. cephalosporins 1.g. p.o.   Escherichia coli flumequin p.o.   Pasteurella multocida cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. amox./ampicillin p.o.   Klebsiella pneumoniae flumequin p.o.

17. Bronchopneumonia II.     P.aeruginosa enro/difloxacin s.c.,p.o.   Pseudomonas spp. amikacin i.v.,i.m.,s.c. piperacilllin/tikarcillin i.v.,i.m. gentamicin i.v.,i.m.,s.c.   Obligate anaerobes co-amoxicillin i.m.,s.c.,p.o. clindamycin i.m.,s.c.,p.o. Streptococcus spp. amox./ampicillin i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o. benzylpenicillin s.c.,i.m. Mycobacterium spp.

18. Pyothorax/pleuritis   Escherichia coli enro/difloxacin s.c.,p.o. Klebsiella pneumoniae enro/difloxacin s.c.,p.o.   Enterobacter spp. cephalosporins 2.-3.g. i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o. P.multocida co-amoxicillin i.m.,s.c.,p.o. cephalosporins 1.g. i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o. Obligate anaerobes co-amoxicillin i.m.,s.c.,p.o. klindamycin i.m.,p.o. S.intermedius co-amoxicillin i.m.,s.c.,p.o. cephalosporins 1.g. i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.

19. Enteric tract - viruses Canine parvovirus CPV-2 Canine coronavirus Distemper Canine Adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1)

20. Parvovirosis Canine Parvovirus Hosts – Canidae Originated by mutations from Feline panleukopenia virus Three antigennic types CPV-2a,b,c Very stable and resistant Disease of 6 – 8 weeks old puppies

21. Pathogenesis Oral infection Primary replication in the regional lymph-nodes and tonziles (1 – 2 days) Replication in enterocytes, myocardium Virus is disseminated by blood Virus could be isolated from all tissues Significant affinity to replicating cells (mitosis)!! Enteritis Myocarditis

22. Transplacental infection Acute myocarditis in 3 – 8 weeks Mortality 20 – 100%

23. Pathogenesis Virus replicates in non-mature enterocytes Transient lymphodepletion and neutropenia….. bacterias (sepsis) and viruses.

24. Diagnosis Hemmaglutination test (porcine erytrocytes) Virus isolation on A72, CRFK – no! Rapid immunochromatographic tests

25. Serological tests Hemmaglutination inhibition test titres >80 are protective Colostral antibodies persist till 8 – 16 weeks of age 4 fold rise is significant

26. Canine Coronavirus Mild infection, often asymptomatic 70% Ab positive dogs Age: 1-3 months Incubation period 3-4 days Involvement of small intestine, replication in mature enterocytes on the apical surface of intestinal villi, virus shedding up to 2 weeks Watery yellow-green diarrhea

27. Diagnosis Serology -meaningless- low titre of systemic IgG Paired samples EM, FA, Cell cutures Inaktivated vaccine – interference with colostral antibodies

28. The alimentary tract infections The oral cavity, pharynx The stomach The intestine

29. The alimentary tract stomatitis , periodontitis   Obligate anaerobes clindamycin p.o. co-amoxicillin p.o.,s.c.,i.m.  gastritis  Helicobacter spp. amoxicillin-+metronidazole p.o. Acute enterokolitis   Salmonella spp. flumequin p.o. Y.enterocolitica potenc.sulfonaides p.o. amox./ampicillin p.o   Campylobacter spp. erythromycin p.o. C.perfringens .amox./ampicillin i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o. E.coli (EHEC,EAEC) potenc.sulfonamides p.o. E.coli sultamicilin i.v.,i.m. (neonatal sepsis) cephalosporins 2.-3.g s.c.,i.v.,i.m.    

30. The urinary tract   Escherichia coli potenc.sulfonamides p.o.,i.m.   Proteus mirabilis. amox./ampicillin p.o.,i.m.,i.v.,s.c.   Proteus vulgaris potenc.sulfonamides p.o.,i.m.,s.c. S.intermedius co-amoxicillin p.o. cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. Klebsiella pneumoniae cephalosporins 1.-3.g. p.o.,i.m.,i.v.,s.c. Pseudomonas aeruginosa tetracycline p.o.   Enterococcus spp. amox./ampicillin p.o.   Streptococcus spp. amox./ampicillin p.o.  

31. Urogenital tract and viruses Canine Herpesvirus CHV-1 Distemper Parvovirus

32. Canine Herpesvirus Opportunistic pathogen Period of increased sensitivity: last 3 weeks of pregnancy 3 weeks after birth stress

33. Pathogenesis Infection: transplacental during parturition – oronasal infection Primary replication in oronasal region Infection of mononuclear cells Spread in organs and tissues Latency

34. Diagnosis PCR Isolation on tissue culture??? (primary canine fibroblasts) CPE within 48 hours Neutralization test paired samples

35. The skin (pyoderma)   S.intermedius cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. co-amoxicillin p.o. oxacillin p.o. Escherichia coli potenc.sulfonamides p.o. Proteus mirabilis cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. Pseudomonas spp. enro/difloxacin p.o. Streptococcus canis cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. Bacillus cereus co-amoxicillin p.o.

36. CNS - viruses Distemper Rabies

37. The cat

38. Enteric Infections Feline Panleukopenia Feline infectious peritonitis - FIP

39. Felina Panleukopenia Parvovirus Ag related with other parvoviruses Oronasal infection Newborn kittens– systemic or CNS infection Later – panleukopenia and enteritis

40. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Coronavirus Susceptible hosts: felidae Antigenniv relationship with other coronaviruses (TGEV, CCoV) FIP – mutation of ubikvitous feline enteral coronavirus (FeCV) Both viruses differ by macrophage tropism

41. Pathogenesis Primary replication – epithelium of tonziles Replication in enterocytes Infection of macrophages allows virus spread in the organism

42. Pathogenesis Antibodies enhance infection (Fc receptors allows entry into macrophages) Immunocomplex Cell mediated response is protective Effusive - wet form Non-effusive – dry form (immunity is partially preserved)

43. Diagnosis FeCV complicates diagnosis: Cross reactivity of antibodies FeCV IFA titre: 25 – 3200 FIP IFA titre: 100 - 64000 Titre >3200 evidence of FIP infection Similarity of genomes– complicates PCR diagnostics

44. FIV Retrovirus Host – felidae Main route of infection– bite

45. Pathogenesis Target cells monocytes / macrophages lymfocytes T , B astrocytes perzistent, life-long infection Provirus integration into host cell chromosome Expression of virus proteins is restricted antigennic drift

46. Pathogenesis Acute phase (several weeks) fever neutropenia asymptomatic phase (3 – 5 years) ARC (AIDS related complex) generalized lymphadenopathy chroni secundary infection of mouth and upper respiratory tract 5 - 10% infected animals tumors Involvement of CNS

47. Diagnosis Antibody detection ELISA IFA Rapid tests Serological latency- several weeks PCR – in some laboratories

48. Feline leukosis virus (FeLV) Retrovirus Disease of stray animals (1 - 7% of population) Infection occurs in the first 5 years of life (age resistence) transmission– salive (bite), urine, feces, in utero

49. Pathogenesis 3 biotypes FeLV-A – Immunosupression, oportunistic infection FeLV-B – Viremia, immunosupression, neoplasia, lymphomas FeLV-C –thymus atrophy, lymphodepletion permissive cells: macrophages, lymphocytes, non-mature enterocytes Antibodies are able to eliminate infection

50. Pathogenesis Primary replication in macrophages and B lymphocytes in tonziles Primary viremia (1-2 weeks), virus is associated with mononuclear cells Infected cells are in bone marrow, intestine, oesophagus, stomach, kidney, pancreas, urinary bladder Virus is spread by saliva, urine, tears, feces

51. Early phase 4 – 16 weeks following infection (persistent viremia or regression) latent phase - up to 3 years Terminal phase lymphoid tumors, anemia, immunodeficiency (secondary infection) 83% of cats die during 3,5 years

52. Diagnosis p25 antigen detection in blood, saliva… ELISA IFA Rapid immunochromatographic tests Antibody detection – no!