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Explore industrial growth, new job patterns, organized labor, mass society emergence, urban transformations, social structures, and education in Europe during the late 19th century.
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Chapter 23 Mass Society in an “Age of Progress,” 1871 - 1894
Growth of Industrial Prosperity: New Products & New Markets • Substitution of steel for iron • Electricity • Thomas Edison (1847-1931) and Joseph Swan – light bulb • Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) – telephone, 1876 • Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) – radio waves across the Atlantic, 1901 • Transformation of factories • Internal combustion engine • Automobile and airplane • Henry Ford (1863-1947) – mass production • Zeppelin airship, 1900 • Wright brothers, 1903 • New markets • Increased wages • Competition • Cartels • Precision tools
New Patterns in an Industrial Economy • Depression, 1873-1895 • Economic boom after 1895 • La belle époque • German Industrial Leadership • Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader of Europe • New areas of manufacturing • Europe’s two economic zones • Advance industrial core of Great Britain, Belgium France, the Netherlands, Germany, western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy • Little industrial development in southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities • “Right to work” • Ideal of domesticity • Sweatshops • White-Collar Jobs • Increased white-collar jobs creates shortage of male workers opening up opportunities for women • Secretaries and teachers • Freedom from domestic patterns • Prostitution
Organizing the Working Class • Socialist Parties • German Social Democratic Party (SPD) • Effects of the growth of socialist partied • Second International • Two divisive issues: • Nationalism and revisionism • Parties varied from country from country • Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932) • Evolutionary Socialism • Formation of labor unions
Emergence of a Mass Society • Population Growth • Decline in the death rate • Medical discoveries and environmental conditions • Improved publication sanitation • Improved nutrition • Increased emigration
Transformation of the Urban Environment • Growth of cities / Urbanization • Urban Reformers • Edwin Chadwick, Rudolf Virchow • Pointed to relationship between living conditions and disease • Buildings begin to be inspected for problems • Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain • Clean water into the city • Expulsion of sewage • Housing Needs • Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship of living conditions to political and moral health of the nation • V. A. Huber, German reformer • Redesigning the cities; British Act of 1890 • Construct new buildings • Liberal principles of government don’t hold true
The Social Structure of the Mass Society • The Elite • 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth • Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy • Common bonds • The Middle Classes • Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class • Professionals • White-collar workers • Middle class values came to dominate • The Lower classes • 80 percent of the European population • Agriculture • Urban working class: Skilled, semiskilled, unskilled workers
The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women • Many women still aspired to the ideal of femininity • Marriage the only honorable and available career • Decline in the birth rate in part to some birth control • The Middle-class and Working-class Families • Domesticity • Leisure time and holiday traditions • Daughters of working class families worked until married • 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wages • Limit size of the family • Reduced work week
After 1850, secondary education expanded Mass education in state-run systems States began to offer public education States assumed the responsibility for teacher training Liberal beliefs about education Personal and social development Needs of industrialization Need for an educated electorate Differences in education of boys and girls Demand for teachers Increased literacy Growth of newspapers Education in the Mass Society
Mass Leisure • Amusement parks • Music and dance halls • Thomas Cook (1808-1892) • Pioneer of mass tourism • Sports • Became organized with rules • Professional sports
Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy • Reform in Britain: William Gladstone William Gladstone • Reform Act of 1867: Suffrage extended • Redistribution Act of 1885: Reorganized the election boroughs • Salaries paid to members of the House of Commons, 1911 • More people could run for office • Reform in France • Universal male suffrage in 1871 • Radical republicans formed an independent government • The Commune: Fighting between the Commune and the government • Louis Michel (1830 – 1905) • France will establish a Third Republic, 1875
The Growth of Political Democracy • Spain • King Alfonso XII • Liberals and Conservatives • Spanish-American War • Barcelona 1909 • Italy • Had pretensions of great power status • Sectional differences in Italy • Chronic turmoil beyond the government’s control
Central & Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order • Germany • Trappings of parliamentary government • 1871 constitution • Emperor commands the military in Prussian tradition • Bismarck’s conservatism • Kulturkampf • Social Democratic Party, Social welfare programs • Austria-Hungary • Austrian constitution of 1867 • Problem of minorities worsened with universal male suffrage, 1907 • Russia • Alexander III, 1881-1894: Overturns reform and returns to repressive measures • Nicholas II, 1894-1917: Believed in absolute rule
Discussion Questions • What were the major changes of the second industrial revolution on the lives of people? • What were the changes in urban sanitation and health? • How did the industrialization of society redesign the cities? • What were the changes in education and leisure? • Why is the “old order” so persistent in Central and Eastern Europe?
