Understanding Darwin's Theory of Evolution

1. Topic: Evolution AIM: How did Darwin explain the process of evolution? DO NOW: In your notes, compare the two pictures. List at least three similarities and at least three differences http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qceHwgTMyKI

2. The change of a species over time…. EVOLUTION Millions of years

3. the process of change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one generation to the next

4. What type of changes occur? Changes in structure, function and behavior

5. Evolution is a scientific theory Theory: An idea which is supported by extensive, repeated experiments, but not proven as law. Why isn’t evolution a law? Limited access to the past

8. MAJOR CONCEPT PRESENT DAY SPECIES DEVELOPED (EVOLVED) FROM EARLIER, DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT SPECIES.

9. The “evolution” of Evolutionary Theories Lamarck’s Theory: Stated that structures appear because they are needed, called the theory of Use & Disuse ex. Longer necks in giraffes

12. Weismann DISPROVED the theory that stated that acquired traits can be passed on to the next generation.

13. Charles Darwin “The Father of Evolution”

14. WHO WAS CHARLES DARWIN? *GREW UP IN ENGLAND. *LEFT MEDICAL SCHOOL AT 17 YEARS OLD. *BECAME A CLERGYMAN & NATURALIST AT THE AGE OF 22. *SAILED ON THE H.M.S. BEAGLE IN 1831. *PUBLISHED THE ‘ORIGIN OF SPECIES’ IN 1859.

15. HOW DID DARWIN START? GALAPAGOS ISLANDS

16. Darwin wrote about the differences between the European animals and plants compared to their counterparts in South America, Australia & Africa.

17. These observations, and his readings of other scientific novels, led Darwin to doubt his religious background about the origin of the Earth. Originally Darwin’s ideas were referred to as……………… DARWINISMS

18. 1859 wrote book titled “Origin of the Species” Key Concepts Charles Darwin 1. Species present now were not created in present forms instead they evolved from ancestral species 2. Natural Selection: causes evolution

19. States that only those organisms containing the best variations can survive and reproduce in a given environment NATURAL SELECTION ADAPTATIONS

20. The overall changes in the population of mice can be explained best by • natural selection • succession • reproduction • mouse extinction

21. According to the theory of biological evolution, most present-day species of organisms developed from similar, smaller prehistoric organisms have always existed in the form they have today developed from fossils of the other organisms descended from earlier, different species of organisms

22. In a sexually reproducing species, evolution could occur as a result of modification of genes in body cells modification of genes in sex cells increased reproduction among individuals with identical chromosomes recombination of genes in cells reproducing by mitosis

24. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST Individuals who survive are the ones best adapted to exist in their environment due to the possession of variations to maximize their fitness.

25. 7 Points of Natural Selection

27. Speciation Formation of a new species due to favorable adaptations gradually accumulating, while unfavorable adaptations gradually disappear

28. Any organisms which can: • 1. Interbreed • 2. Produce fertile offspring • 3. Under natural conditions SPECIES

29. Darwin observed 13 species of finches on the Galápagos Islands that were similar except for differences in body size, beak shape, and eating habits.

30. He also noticed that all finches were similar to 1 finch he saw on the South American coast. • Darwin reasoned that the Galápagos finches must have had to compete for food.

31. Finches with beak shapes that let them eat food survived longer & reproduced more than finches without those beak shapes.

32. After many generations, these groups of finches became separate species.

34. The differences seen in the beaks of the four species of finches are most likely the result of • gene expression and asexual reproduction • variation and natural selection • migration and the need to adapt • heredity and a diet of seeds

35. Other than having a variation in beak characteristics, describe another variation in a finch species that could promote survival of an individual bird. Support your answer.

36. AIM: How do we know That evolution has occurred? DO NOW: Review book Pgs.

37. A person has been arrested on the charge that he robbed $50,000 from the First City National Bank last night. What must the district attorney do to prove that this man is the robber?

38. Evidence is essential for all scientific studies, theories, and laws. In science …evidence is accumulated throughobservationsof phenomena that occur in the natural world, or which are created as experiments in a laboratory. Scientific evidence usually goes towards supporting or rejecting a hypothesis

39. 1. FOSSIL RECORD Is the sum total of all the fossils discovered and undiscovered and their placement in sedimentary rock layers

40. Fossilsare the mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces (such as footprints) of animals, plants, and other organisms

41. Ancient Giant Turtle Fossil Revealed • Picture a turtle the size of a Smart car, with a shell large enough to double as a kiddie pool. Paleontologists from North Carolina State University have found just such a specimen – the fossilized remains of a 60-million-year-old South American giant that lived in what is now Colombia. The turtle in question is Carbonemys cofrinii, which means “coal turtle,” and is part of a group of side-necked turtles known as pelomedusoides. The fossil was named Carbonemys because it was discovered in 2005 in a coal mine that was part of northern Colombia’s Cerrejon formation. The specimen’s skull measures 24 centimeters, roughly the size of a regulation NFL football. The shell which was recovered nearby - and is believed to belong to the same species - measures 172 centimeters, or about 5 feet 7 inches, long. That’s the same height as Edwin Cadena, the NC State doctoral student who discovered the fossil.

42. TYPES OF FOSSILS a.Cast/mold fossils the original remains of the organism have been completely dissolved or otherwise destroyed

43. b. True form fossils … remains of the actual animal or animal part c. Trace fossils…….are the remains of track ways, burrows, eggs and eggshells, nests, droppings and other types of impressions.

44. d. RESIN FOSSILS ….. Resin is an excretion of certain plants for protection But…. When an organism gets caught, whole organism preservation occurs

45. These fossils can be best used to provide information that could be used in a study of • evolutionary relationships • dynamic equilibrium • selective breeding • cell specialization

46. 2.Comparative Anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms. Structure and form

47. a. Homologous structures • body parts which are similar in different species • they may or may not perform the same function. • An example is the forelimb structure shared by cats and whales.

50. whose bones are they? Anatomy HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES are evidence that a common ancestor exists for the organisms being studied