Le Japon sur le chemin d’une reprise économique ….durable?

1. Le Japon sur le chemin d’une reprise économique ….durable? E. Merk EPFL STS - May 2004

2. Plan • Remarques générales • Politique scientifique et Technologique & Budget • La Réforme des Universités • Les biotechnologies au Japon • Les nanotechnologies au Japon • Divers

3. STS Mai 2003:”Le Japon à bout de souffle?”Mai 2004: des indicateurs conjoncturels orientés au vert: croissance d’environ 3% du PIB durant FY2003 indice de confiance Tankan en progression taux de chômage en régression signes de reprise de la consommation intérieureUne reprise tirée principalement par les exportations et les dépenses d’investissements. Egalement bénéfices des multiples restructurations au sein des compagnies japonaises (profitabilité accrûe)

4. “Kamikaze” sauveur une fois de plus! 1281: la flotte d’envahisseurs mongols et chinois (4’000 navires) en vue de coloniser le Japon anéantie par un typhon -> concept de « kamikaze »: vent divin qui sauva le Japon 2nde guerre mondiale: des milliers de pilotes suicides (kamikaze) se jettent contre les navires de la flotte américaine pour tenter de sauver le Japon Depuis 2003: La Chine n’est plus vue comme une menace mais un partenaire économique vital – on invoque de nouveau l’effet « kamikaze»; la forte demande chinoise sauve une économie japonaise dépressive conséquence d’un marché intérieur anémique (exportations vers la Chine en hausse de 35% par rapport à l’année passée):

5. Si le Japon était un village de 1000 habitants… • 511 seraient des femmes et 489 des hommes • 10 étrangers vivraient dans ce village • 506 habitants travailleraient: 297 hommes 209 femmes dont 423 dans les entreprises (50 dans le secteur de la construction) et 34 dans l’administration • 50 seraient au chômage • 46 habitants auraient moins de 4 ans, et 179 plus de 65 ans • Et dans 50 ans ce village ne comptera plus que… 791 habitants!

6. La société nippone • Une société basée sur: • L’harmonie et l’unité – l’égalitarisme – la poursuite du consensus • La société japonaise n’est pas fondée sur l’individu mais sur les relations entre individus: « Nous sommes donc je suis » • La coopération des individus – importance primordiale du groupe (responsabilité partagée) • La loyauté à une organisation (contrat réciproque: emploi à vie) • Le respect de la séniorité – hiérarchie - tradition

7. Japan Competitiveness • Japan is still performing poorly in the world competitiveness ranking established by the IMD: in 2004, Japan is 23th (among 49 countries)! just in front of China... (in 2003, 25th; in 2002, 27th; in the 80’s, 1st!!!) Japan seems to lack an attractive business climatein terms of: heavy costs, reputation of a closed society, excess regulations and v. heavy bureaucracy, lack of internationally minded skilled people.

8. Foreign Direct Investment • Key to Japan’s revitalization: Koizumi’s announcement in January 2003 to double FDI in 5 years – Japan’s priority sectors for FDI: biotechnology, medical care, environment, ICT • Inward FDI for Japan represents only 1% of GDP (1/11 of US) – large investments in the fields of automotive, telecom and finance

9. Japanese Strength in Technology: a technological powerhouse! • Technology Exports: ca.$10 bn (+18% from prev. year) Technology Imports: ca.$4.6 bn (+23.7% from prev. year) => Technology Trade Balance = 2.17 (in comparison USA, TTB = 0.85) • World’s largest number of patents (220’000) • #people involved in R&D activities: ca.1 mio, = 16/1000 labor force, one of the highest ratio in the world (n04) • Ratio of R&D expenditures ($125 bn) against GDP = 3.18%, the largest in history (in comp. USA = 2.6%) Total expenditure on R&D per capita: 2nd!

10. PRESENT CHALLENGES FOR JAPAN • Paradigm shift:> from “catch up” to “front-runner” (->basic sciences) • Mounting competition from China & SE Asia>increase high tech industries • Compatibility to the new global economy > New human Management necessary • Increase its industrial competitiveness>eliminate overcapacity, deregulate, stimulate private sector R&D (tax breaks, restructurate certain industrial sectors), improve transfer of technology Academia-Ind.-Government • Reform the Education System: promote competition, cultivate creativity & individuality

11. Knowledge Creating Industries Driving Forces for Economic Growth Light Industries: Semiconductors PCs Heavy Industries: Chemical; Shipbuilding SMILE Knowledge Intensive CyberTechnology Biotechnology Nanotechnology Capital Intensive S for Systemization and integration M for Materials and nanosciences I for Information L for Life Sciences E for Environment Labor Intensive industries Pre-Modern Era 50’s - 60’s 70’s - 80’s 21st Century

12. Les défis de la société de la connaissance • Création <-> recherche fondamentale • Aquisition <-> universités, écoles • Transfert <-> coop. univ. entreprises • Echanges <-> stratégie gestion Propriété intellectuelle

13. April 96 to March 01TARGET > Doubling spending public money on R&D: commitment to invest Yen 17 trillion ($150 billion) in R&D over this 5 year period !!! April 01 to March 06TARGETS > Half of govt. research funds earmarked for basic research should go to curiosity-oriented research> Double the amount of “competitive funds” (from 9% to 18%) Invest 24 trillion yen! S&T POLICYFive-year Basic Science &Technology Plans

14. S&T POLICYSecond Science & Technology Basic Plan Three major goals: • The promotion of science, with an emphasis on contributions to the world through scientific knowledge • Ensuring a safe, healthy life for the japanese people • Achieving sustainable economic development through technological innovation

15. S&T POLICY2nd Science & Technology Basic Plan Adopting a strategic approach to government research investments: • Promoting Basic research • Focus on R&D responding national and social issues: 4 highly prioritized areasLife sciences, Health and Medical treatment Information and Telecommunications, Environmental Science, Nanotechnology and Materials

16. S&T POLICY2nd Science & Technology Basic Plan Reforming the S&T systems • Building competitive research environment • Improving university facilities • Improving evaluation system • Enhancing young researcher’s independence and mobility • Promoting cooperation among academic, industrial and governmental research sectors • Enhancing communications with society

17. Prime Minister Science and Technology Administration in Japan Cabinet Office for basic policy and general coordination on important for cabinet Minister of State for Science and Technology Policy Council for Science and Technology Policy Atomic Energy Commission Science Vice- Minister Science Council of Japan Parliamentary Secretary Nuclear Safety Commission Director-General Bureau of Science and Technology Policy Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Post and Telecommunications Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare National Universities and Laboratories Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries National Research Institutes Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Ministry of the Environment

18. FY 2004 Budget on Science & Technology in Japan

19. Governmental Budget on S&T • FY 2004: 3’636 Mia Yen (49 Mia CHF) +0.8% • FY 2003: 3’588 Mia Yen + Budget complémentaire 4.1 Mia Yen • FY 2002: 3’544 Mia Yen (SFr. 45 Mia) + budget complémentaire 324 Mia Yen • FY 2001: 3’469 Mia Yen + budget complémentaire 608.1 Mia yen • Second S&T Basic Plan (FY 2001 - 2005): Aims at Spending 24 Trillion Yen (ca. SFr. 300 Mia) over the next 5 years

20. Government R&D ExpendituresEvolution over last decade: constant increase!(in 100 bn Yen)

21. Japan R&D Expenditures(FY2001)$138 bn(+1,5% from FY2000)ca. 3.3% GDP Performers Sources

22. Distribution of R&D Expendituresin Japan

23. Budget 2004: Axes prioritaires • Réforme et augmentation de fonds pour projets spécifiques • Amélioration des infrastructures universitaires • Réforme de l’Université et mise en place de collaborations Industrie-Université-Gouvernement • Développement de la recherche à l’échelon local (financement par les régions) • Protection et utilisation des droits de propriété intellectuelle • Mise en place d’un système d’évaluation équitable et transparent de la R&D • Réforme des entreprises ou des associations impliquées dans la recherche • Introduction de « local Intellectual clusters » pour revitaliser les régions par une association Ind.-Univ.-Gouv. sur les thèmes R&D

24. JFY 2004 Budget for Major 4 fields

25. University Reform

26. (Number of National Universities as of April 2002) Hokkaido (7) Okinawa (1) Chubu (22) Chugoku (6) Tohoku (7) Kinki (15) Kyushu (14) Kanto (20) Shikoku (7) Total = 99 ->89 as of April 2004

27. 1. Universities in Japan:(1) Education • 49% of eligible students proceed to univ. (2,8 Mio students) • 89 national universities and colleges • 512 private universities - educating 70% of nation’s students • 66 regional universities • All national universities offer Master’s, 80 of them offer Ph.D.

28. 1. University in Japan: (2) Research • 20 % national research budget goes to national universities • 424 venture companies emerged from universities by Aug 02 ( from 251 in August 01 and 65 in 2000) For comparison in US: 3300!!! • Very few licensed patents in regard of their R&D expenditures • Only a small percentage of the new inventions created at Jap. Univ. were used or transferred to private companies (in US: 60%)

29. 1. University in Japan: (3) Collaboration with industryDomestic • Collaboration still very much based on individual networks (a professor – company resonance): informal and consultative. • R&D funds paid by Jap. companies to Japanese Univ. increased from 38,4 bn Yen in FY96 to 67.5 bn Yen in FY2000, less than half the 157 bn Yen they spent in collaboration with foreign research institutes; 65% going to national universities

30. 1. University in Japan: (3) Collaboration with industryInternational Industry increasingly outsourcing R&D abroad Unit: $ mio FY99

31. 2. May 1st, 2004:Transition to Independent Administrative Bodies • March 2002: MEXT issued Final Report on Study of Privatization of National Universities: “On New Form of National Universities” • FY 2004: Transfer all national universities to the independent administrative bodies • Mergers and realignment of universities to be done by FY 2004

32. 3. Toyama Plan: Guideline by MEXT for Univ. Structural Reform • Promote consolidation and realignment of universities • Revitalize universities • Introduce private sector’s competition theory • Prompt transfer to independent admin bodies • Introduce competitions via third-party evaluation • Elevate the level of Japanese universities: Top 30 universities in Japan to be world top class

33. 3. Toyama Plan: Guideline by MEXT for Univ. Structural Reform “In a nutshell” • Amélioration de la base de gestion des universités: assouplissement des règles budgétaires, organisationnelles et de gestion des personnels • Principe de compétitivité • Meilleure insertion des univesrités dans le tissus économique et social • Elévation du niveau de l’éducation et de la recherche dans les universités • Evaluation et suivi des universités: allocation budgétaire fonction des résultats de l’évaluation

34. 3. Toyama Plan: TOP 30 Program for Universities • Select top 30 universities in 10 fields • Nurture the top 30 universities to the world class, by competition via evaluation and prioritized resource allocation (between yen 100 mio and Yen 500 mio/year/Univ.) Goals: 1) World-class environment and system for research & education, 2) Internationally competitive HR, 3) Contribution to the society Sept. 2002: 70% of Universities selected were national universities

35. 4. New Management System for Universities • More Teaching staff from outside organization, industry, and abroad • HR Management based on merits and abilities • Increase Tenure Track Professors • Independence for parts of universities (Business Schools, Law Schools) • Increased Transparency • Evaluation by the Third Party Organization

36. 5. Competitive Funds(1) Govt Scheme • 2nd S&T Basic Plan: Goal to double competitive funds • 30% Overhead to be secured within competitive funds • Reform Planning on Competitive Funds at CSTP

37. Research funds on open and competitive-proposal basis 1$=130yen (Bil $) [+6.4%] [+10.0%] [+13.5%] [+12.5%] [+7.6%] [+27.0%]

38. 6. Industry-Academia Cooperation (1)Laws to facilitate tech transfer 1998: “Law for Promotion of Technology Transfer from Universities” (Nat’l univs can establish TLOs) 2000: Law to Strengthen Industrial Technological Ability 2000: Change in rules for professors at national univ.: now possible to take up executive positions in companies 2001: Ease Patent Law for National University Researchers;

39. 6. Industry-Academia Cooperation • Professors will be able to obtain equities such as stock options as remuneration from their venture companies (2002) • Ceiling on compensation money for inventions will be removed (2002)(used to be 6 Mio Yen)

40. 6. Industry-Academia Cooperation Government Initiatives • Toyama Plan (MEXT; June 2001) • Corporatize 700 patents at Univ in 5 years • Create 10 “Silicon Valleys” in 10 years • Hiranuma Plan (METI; May 2001) • Venture Companies 1000 in 3 years • 10 Fold Patents from Univ in 10 Years

41. 6. Industry-Academia Cooperation (4) Technology Licensing Offices • 33 TLO’s • Domestic Patent Application through TLOs: 4000 cases • 424 Venture companies from Univ.”spin-off” • During FY 2002 METI invested 47.7 billion yen (SFr.600 mio), MEXT 32.4 billion (SFr.400 mio), in academia-industry cooperation

42. 6. Industry-Academia Cooperation (5) Local Intellectual Clusters • Launch FY 2002 ~ by MEXT • 5-year program, 6 billion yen annually • To make national universities the cores of industrial clusters for innovation • Boost local economy via cooperation with industry • 10 Clusters will be launched in FY 2002

43. Sapporo: IT Kobe: Med Sendai: IT Hiroshima: Bio Kyoto: Nanotech Kita Kyushu : IT(LSI) Nagano/Ueda : Nanotech Hamamatsu: Opto-Electronics Fukuoka: IT Osaka Area : Biomedicine Takamatsu: Bio Keihanna: IT/Genome 6. (5) Intellectual Clusters

44. Outlook Biotechnology in Japan

45. The 2010 vision for Japan “ A cutting-edge bio-society and bio-based economy that simultaneously achieve health, safety and harmony with Nature.” JABEX (Japan Association of Bioindustries Executives)

46. Une stratégie pour les biotech basée sur Les besoins de la société japonaise, c.a.d une société au vieillissement accéléré par un taux de fécondité très bas, une sociét résolument tournée vers la santé et l’environnement La nécessité d’être plus compétitif en développant sa capacité d’innovation Le retard pris par les entreprises biotech japonaises par rapport à leurs rivales américaines et européennes – conséquence d’investissements relativement faibles dans ce secteur , par le manque d’une véritable stratégie long terme aussi bien dans le secteur privé que public, et par des régulations très strictes Les contraintes d’un marché global et une compétition accrûe: la Chine devance déjà le Japon en terme de brevets déposés sans le secteur post-génomique

47. Stratégie politique (initiée en 1999)action coordonnée de 5 ministères! Augmentation des capacités de R&Daugmentation des programmes nationaux de recherche biotech, augmentation des budgets, dével. Des ressources humaines Permettre une bonne acceptation des biotechnologies par le publicinformation continue et claire, mise en place de comités indépend. du gouvernement resp. de l’éthique et de la sécurité, lancement de programmes d’éduction dans les écoles Favoriser le transfert technologique: valorisation-industrialisationmise en place de nouveaux schémas juridiques pour l’industrialisation, promotion coop. Univ-entreprises-gouvt, dérégulation, nouvelle gestion de la propriété intellectuelle

48. Life Science Budget FY02 (SFr. 4.4 Mia) By Ministry

49. Biotech Market Size Outlook

50. Bio Ventures in Japan 2010 (Target) Mars 2003 1000 September 2001 334 ~1998 The National Strategy for IndustrialBiotechnologies 250 60 Source: Presentation by Japan Bioindustry Association