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Chapter 2 Management, Yesterday and Today

Chapter 2 Management, Yesterday and Today. Historical background of management. Are there any management in the history? Pyramid and the Great Wall The Wealth of Nation by Adam Smith Industrial revolution Chinese traditional government and confucianism Politics is also a kind of management.

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Chapter 2 Management, Yesterday and Today

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  1. Chapter 2Management, Yesterday and Today

  2. Historical background of management • Are there any management in the history? • Pyramid and the Great Wall • The Wealth of Nation by Adam Smith • Industrial revolution • Chinese traditional government and confucianism • Politics is also a kind of management. • Modernization and rationalization

  3. Management theories General administrative theory Historical background Early examples Adam Smith Industrial revelution Scientific management Quantitative approach System approach Organizational behavior Early advocates Hawthorne studies Contingency approach

  4. Scientific management • Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915), the father of scientific management. • Taylor’s four principles • Develop a science for each element of an individual’s work, replacing the old rule-of-thumb method. • Scientifically select and then train, and develop the workers. • Heartily cooperation between manager and employee. • Divide work and responsibility equally. • Significance and critics. • Can you find some scientific management now?

  5. Taylorism and Fordism • Mass production. • Machine controls people. • Modernization.

  6. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth • Construction contractor and psychologist. • Optimizing work performance. • Microchronometer and motion research. • Cheaper by the Dozen. • Time is money, efficience is life. Compare their time and today.

  7. General administrative theory • Henri Fayol (1841-1925). • Five functions of manager • Planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. • 14 principles of management • Division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests to general interest, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure of personnel, initiative, esprit de corps.

  8. Max Weber (1864-1920) • Sociologist and religious. • Burearcracy, today’s formal organization • Division of labor • Authority hierarchy • Formal selection • Format rules and regulations • Impersonality • Career orientation • Other type of organization • Chrisma • traditional • Organization in the future.

  9. Quantitative approach • Operations research or management science. • Statistics, optimization models, information models, computer simulations, linear programming, etc. • Example. • Queuing, ticket saling, classroom allocation. • Centralized transportation. • Restriction: local, micro issue.

  10. Organizational behavior • Early advocates • Robert Owen, late 1700s • Hugo Munsterberg, early 1900s • Mary Parker Follett, Early 1900s • Chester Barnard, 1930

  11. Hawthorne Studies • Elton Mayo • Experiment on the effect of light intensity on output. • Redesign fo jobs • Changes in workday and workweed length • Introduction of rest period • Individual vs. group wage plans • Conclusion • People’s behavior and attitudes are closely related; • Group factors significantly affect individual behavior; • Group standards establish individual worker output; • Money is less a factor in determining output than are group standards, group attitudes, and security. • Lead to new emphasis on the human behavior factorin the management of organizations.

  12. Behavior approach in today • Design jobs • Teams • Open communication • Motivation • Leadership • Group behavior and development

  13. Systems approach • System • A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole. • close system • System that are not influenced by and do not interact with their enviroment. • open system • Systems that interact with their environment.

  14. environment system Inputs Raw materials Human resources Capital Technology Information Transformation process Employee’s work activities Management activities Technology and operation methods Output Products and services Financial results Information Human results feedback environment

  15. Contingency approach • Management approach that says that organizations are different, face different situations (contigencies), and require different ways of managing.

  16. Current trends and issues • Globalization • Working with people from different cultures • Coping with anticapitalist backlash • Movement of jobs to countries with low-cost labor • Civilization clash • Global citizenship and governance

  17. ethics • Profit and socia responsibility • Stakeholder vs. shareholder • Corporation citizenship

  18. Workforce diversity • A workforce that is heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, age, and other characteristics that reflect differences. • Entrepreneurship • E-business • Knowledge management

  19. Learning organization Are there any learning organizations? Can you give some examples?

  20. Total quality management (TQM) • Interse focus on customer. • Concern for continual improvement. • Improvement in the quality of everything the organization does. • Accurate measurement. • Empowerment of employees. • To be perfect. • Examples, KFC, TOYOTA, APPLE.

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