Intro to “The Young Republic” Unit, the Bill of Rights, and Hamilton vs. Jefferson

1. Please pick up a unit guide and Class Notes #12 from the cart. Take out Focus #12 and use the first 10 minutes of class completing Part II and whatever you haven’t finished for Part I. Compare notes with your table. We will: *preview “The Young Republic” unit *focus on the Bill of Rights *evaluate how Hamilton and Jefferson helped to shape the first two-party system Intro to “The Young Republic” Unit, the Bill of Rights, and Hamilton vs. Jefferson

2. America’s New Republic is Born The Constitution was signed September 17, 1787 in Philadelphia and sent to the states for ratification by the Confederation Congress. Despite opposition from Anti-Federalists who feared the Constitution’s broad powers, the Federalists won the ratification debate in key states like New York and Virginia. The Federalist Papers, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in 1788 played a key role in persuading the states to vote for ratification. A Boston newspaper kept track of which states has ratified throughout 1787-89

3. The First President After New Hampshire, Virginia, and New York ratified the Constitution in the summer of 1788 (becoming the 9th, 10th, and 11th states to do so) plans were made to create the new national government. The first capital would be in New York, where Congress met for the first time on March 4, 1789. George Washington took the first presidential oath of office on April 30, 1789 after being unanimously elected by the electoral college. He served as president for two terms (1789-1797).

4. The First Congress Takes Action Among its first actions, Congress proposed a Bill of Rights and sent it to the states for ratification. Anti-Federalists had demanded the addition of such amendments as a condition of supporting the Constitution’s ratification. James Madison drafted the document and drew inspiration from George Mason’s Virginia Declaration of Rights. The first ten amendments were ratified on December 15, 1791. Congress also passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 that set up the federal courts system, including the Supreme Court.

5. The Bill of Rights (Amendments I-V)

6. The Bill of Rights (Amendments VI-X)

7. Washington’s First Cabinet Washington created the first Cabinet of executive officers to help him administer the government: Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson (Virginia) – handled foreign affairs and official government documents Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton (New York) – managed the government’s finances Attorney General: Edmund Randolph (Virginia) – chief lawyer for the national government Secretary of War: Henry Knox (Massachusetts) – ran the military and managed Indian affairs

8. Hamilton vs. Jefferson • Even though Washington sought to maintain unity, a division emerged within his Cabinet between Hamilton and Jefferson • These disagreements led to the creation of the nation’s first two political parties – Federalists and Republicans At the end of today’s class, you will be asked to choose which leader and party appeals most to you: Hamilton and the Federalists Jefferson and the Republicans

9. Hamilton was born out of wedlock in the British West Indies Orphaned at an early age Benefactors provided him with money to study in New York (King’s College – aka, Columbia) Served as Washington’s aide de camp during the Revolutionary War Drafted The Federalist Papers with Madison/Jay First Secretary of the Treasury Jefferson was born to wealthy parents in Virginia Had a relatively sheltered upbringing Studied at William & Mary College Served in the House of Burgesses and the Continental Congress Drafted the Declaration of Independence Served as Ambassador to France in the late 1780s First Secretary of State Personal Differences

10. Views on People

11. Views on Government

12. Views on Domestic Policy

13. Views on Foreign Policy

14. Two Visions for the Country Jefferson saw a future based on responsible citizen-farmers and an expanding agrarian republic Republicans found support in rural areas and especially in the South Hamilton envisioned a future based on urban elites and the growth of commerce and industry Federalists found support in major port cities and the North in general

15. Conflict #1: National Debt & National Capital • In 1790, Congress refused to pass Hamilton’s debt assumption plan because of opposition from James Madison and other Southerners who thought it gave too much power to the national government • Once an ally of Hamilton in the ratification debate, Madison distrusted Hamilton’s views on executive power • Madison and other Southerners wanted the nation’s permanent capital located in the South • Jefferson helped work out the “Compromise of 1790” • Madison supported Hamilton’s debt plan in exchange for Hamilton’s pledge to support the choice of the Potomac as the site of the nation’s new capital

16. Washington led 15,000 militia into western Pennsylvania and put an end to the rebellion, asserting the power of the national government Western Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against high excise taxes on whiskey in 1794 Federalists argued that national power must be asserted to demonstrate the new country’s stability and to make the point that challenges to government policy must be peaceful Republicans supported the farmers, arguing that the excise taxes were an unfair burden Conflict #2: The Whiskey Rebellion

17. Who/what appeals to you more and why?Federalists vs. RepublicansHamilton vs. Jefferson Security vs. Liberty

18. Before we leave… • Turn in Focus 12: The Bill of Rights for the first formative grade of 2nd quarter. • Complete Homework 6 for our next class on Thursday – first quarter grades and tests will be distributed at the start of that class.