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The College and the Mosque and The Friends of God

Explore the evolution and impact of Madrasas in Islamic education, politics, and society from historical perspectives to present structures. Delve into the teachings, struggles, and politics that shape Madrasas globally.

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The College and the Mosque and The Friends of God

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  1. The College and the MosqueandThe Friends of God HIST 1007 11/1/13

  2. Ibn al-Athir (1160-1233) • Kurdish historian • Worked under Salah al-Din • “The Complete History” • Tatars – Turkic people, fought in the Mongol army

  3. Scenes from the movie “Mongol”

  4. Islam after the Caliphate • End of the Caliphate = End of idea of unified umma • Foreign rule (Turks, Circassians, and Mongols) = break with connection to the Prophet and Quraysh • Inter-communal violence (Seljuq blood tanistry, Mamluk assassinations, Mongol violence) = constant fitna

  5. The Madrasa • Islamic school, more like a college • Teaches Islamic sciences (`Ulum al-din) • Kalam – Theology • Fiqh – Jurisprudence • Philosophy • Sufism - Mysticism • Physical sciences • Medicine • History • Art and Literature • Knowledge and personal behavior Madrasa al-Halawiyya, Aleppo, Syria Built by Nur al-Din

  6. The Madrasa • Mosque – where teaching takes place • Boarding house for students and teachers • Private libraries • Tombs of important scholars • Public fountains • Financed by the community • Waqf – charitable endowment Masjid-i Jami`-i, Isfahan, Iran Originally a Seljuq construction

  7. Madrasa and Madhhab • Study circles become Schools of Law • Madhhabs build madrasas to centralize learning • Establish a means for certifying Islamic scholars • Curriculum focused on intensive study with an individual teacher • Receipt of an ijaza (diploma) Jami` al-Qarawiyyin, Fez, Morocco Opened in 859, oldest continually operating university in the world.

  8. Politics of the Madrasa • Seljuqs – build madrasas in every major city to promote Sunnism • Nizam al-Mulk and the Nizamiyyah • Zengids – Nur al-Din funds new madrasas, especially in Damascus • Ayyubids – New madrasas in Egypt to promote Sunnism • Mamluks – build madrasas to enforce Islamic identity

  9. Politics of the Madrasa • State hires and appoints religious scholars, teachers, and judges. • Mufti – jurisconsult • Fatawa – legal opinion from a mufti • Support of all Sunni madhhabs • Dar al-hadith: State sponsored schools of hadith scholarship • Not associated with single madhhab • Provides basics of religious study UluCami, Diyarbakir, Turkey Seljuq construction

  10. Politics of the Madrasa • In Syria and Egypt, preservation of Arab status • Turks go to the army • Persians go to the bureaucracy • Arabs go to the madrasa • Control over admission to preserve status • While state makes appointments, madrasa education is required Madrasa al-nuriyya al-kubra, Damascus Madrasa attached to tomb of Nur al-Din

  11. Educating the Sultan • “Command the good and forbid the evil” • Silsila – Chain of authority • Legacy of the transmitted teachings of the Prophet • Religious tradition + political pragmatism • al-Ghazali (d. 1111) – Inculcate in every Muslim true belief, true piety, and true practice • Authority of the caliphs exercised by the sultans power

  12. Mirrors for Princes • Traditional Persian advice literature • Instruct through stories of past kings (good and bad) • Justice comes from a just ruler • Nizam al-Mulk, Siyasatnama • al-Ghazali, Pandnama (Book of Council) • Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince (?)

  13. Philosopher Kings • Muslim commentaries on Plato and Aristotle • Ideal state and ideal ruler comes from rational contemplation of the divine reality. • al-Farabi (d. 950): The only person qualified to rule is one who knows truth and how to actualize it. • An actual philosopher-prophet-prince • State ruled in accordance with laws set down by an original philosopher-prophet

  14. Sufism • Mystical or experiential Islam • Piercing the veil • Non-sectarian • suf – wool, simple wool cloaks of ascetics • tasawwuf– to purify • shaykh – master • tariqa – path • khanaqas – Sufi lodges “Whirling Dervishes” of the Mevlana Sufi Order

  15. Near Eastern Mysticism and Asceticism • Early Muslims attracted to Christian ascetics • Desert Fathers • St. Simeon Stylites (d. 459) • Merkabah – Jewish mysticism focused on divine visions • Kabbalah – 12th century Jewish mystical movement • Christian Monasticism

  16. Sufism • Sufi masters develop practices and doctrines • Dhikr – remembrance of God • Muraqaba– repetition of God’s names • Visitation and pilgrimage • 10th-13th centuries – following coalesce around Sufi masters • Development of Sufi institutions

  17. Sufism and Poetry • Intense love of God • Reflected in love poetry • Double meaning? • Jalal al-Din Rumi (d. 1273) • Persian poet • Mathnawi • Founder of Mawlana Sufi Order

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