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The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution. Late 18 c : French Economic Advantages. Napoleonic Code. French communal law. Free contracts Open markets Uniform & clear commercial regulations Standards weights & measures. Established technical schools.

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The Industrial Revolution

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  1. The Industrial Revolution

  2. Late 18c: French Economic Advantages • Napoleonic Code. • French communal law. • Free contracts • Open markets • Uniform & clear commercial regulations • Standards weights & measures. • Established technical schools. • The government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions. • Bank of France  European modelproviding a reliable currency.

  3. French Economic Disadvantages • Years of war • Supported the AmericanRevolution. • French Revolution. • Early 19c  Napoleonic Wars • Heavy debts. • High unemployment  soldiersreturning from the battlefronts. • French businessmen were afraid totake risks.

  4. Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?

  5. Industrial England: "Workshop of the World" That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

  6. The Enclosure Movement

  7. “Enclosed” Lands Today

  8. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

  9. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

  10. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] • More powerful than water is coal. • More powerful than wood is iron. • Innovations make steel feasible.*“Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”* “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.*Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

  11. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

  12. Coal Mining in Britain:1800-1914

  13. Young Coal Miners

  14. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

  15. British Pig Iron Production

  16. Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame”

  17. Factory Production • Concentrates production in oneplace [materials, labor]. • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. • Requires a lot of capital investment[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor. • Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

  18. Textile FactoryWorkers in England

  19. The Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 12-14 hour day. • Dangerous conditions. • Mind-numbing monotony.

  20. Textile FactoryWorkers in England

  21. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

  22. Jacquard’s Loom

  23. New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

  24. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

  25. The Power Loom

  26. James Watt’s Steam Engine

  27. Steam Tractor

  28. Steam Ship

  29. An Early Steam Locomotive

  30. Later Locomotives

  31. The Impact of the Railroad

  32. Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.

  33. Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

  34. Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on Display

  35. Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

  36. The "Haves": Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

  37. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

  38. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

  39. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

  40. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

  41. The "Have-Nots": The Poor, The Over-Worked, & the Destitute

  42. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

  43. Industrial Staffordshire

  44. The New Industrial City

  45. Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

  46. Worker Housing in Manchester

  47. Factory Workers at Home

  48. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

  49. The New Urban Poor:A Dickensian Nightmare!

  50. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

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