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The Structure of English Orthography

The Structure of English Orthography. Important Terms. Orthography: writing system. Orthographic knowledge refers to the knowledge of how words are spelled. Graphemes: letters or groups of letters that represent individual sounds. Phonemes: Individual sounds in oral language.

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The Structure of English Orthography

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  1. The Structure of English Orthography

  2. Important Terms • Orthography: writing system. Orthographic knowledge refers to the knowledge of how words are spelled. • Graphemes: letters or groups of letters that represent individual sounds. • Phonemes: Individual sounds in oral language.

  3. Sound and Pattern Layers

  4. Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences • Consonant Graphemes • Digraphs: 2 letters that represent 1 sound (ch, ph, sh, -gh, th, -ng, wh, -ck, -ge) • Trigraphs: 3 letters that represent 1 sound (-tch, -dge) • Doublets: doubled consonants in one-syllable words (ff, ll, ss, zz) • Blends: 2 or 3 graphemes clustered before or after a vowel within a syllable (bl, st, pr, str) • Silent Letter Combinations: -bt, gn-, kn-, -mb, -mn, ps-, rh-, wr-

  5. Practice • Identify the consonant blends and consonant digraphs… • Shirt • Steak • Whole • Strength • Zilch • Track • Psycho

  6. Oddballs! • The letter Uu has 3 roles: 1) consonant when it corresponds to the /w/ sound (quack; language). 2) single vowel (cut) or vowel team (suit; taught; blue). 3) marker to keep the g from softening (guest; plague). • The letter Ww can serve as 1) consonant (wait; aware). 2) vowel team (saw; cow). • The letter Yy has 3 roles: 1) consonant (yellow). 2) single vowel (by; baby; gypsy). 3) vowel team (toy; buy; may). • The letters Cc and Gg: hard (when followed by a, o, u) soft (when followed by e, i, y). There are some rule breakers (give; get).

  7. Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences • Vowel Graphemes • Single Vowels: short (bat, leg, hid, top, mud, gym); long (secret, baby, table, digraph, cry, robot) Note: the long single vowel are open syllables • Vowel-Consonant-e (Vce): tape, cute, here, fine, rope • Vowel Teams: long (ee, ea, ei, ie, ey; ai, ay, ei, eigh, ey; ie, igh; oa, ow, oe, ough; ue, ui, ew, ough); short (ea); oo (book); diphthongs (ou, ow; oi, oy); au, aw, augh (raw) • R-Controlled: -er, -ar, -or, -ur, -ir

  8. Phoneme-Grapheme Mapping • Once we understand letter-sound correspondences, we can match letters and letter groups to the sounds they represent. • Methods for teaching phoneme-grapheme correspondences include: • Word sorts • Word building • Grapheme manipulation • This is where developmental stages and differentiated instruction come into play!

  9. Let’s Explore A Few Rules… • The spellings of phonemes are affected by its position in a word, letter sequences in the word, and stress patterns in syllables. • Examples /k/: • Count kick stack quest • Cab keg mock queen • Cull keep fleck quit • Comb kind buck quaint • Cusp kiss wick quote What do you notice about the spellings?

  10. Short Vowels and Consonants • “Syllables with short vowels crave the protection of consonants.” Look at the examples below and see if you can figure out what this means… • stiff, cliff, staff, buff, scoff • spell, fill, shall, dull • mess, kiss, toss, fuss • jazz, fizz, fuzz • blotch, fetch, scratch, crutch • squelch, mulch, zilch • pooch, screech, ouch • dodge, wedge, lodge, budge • wage, huge, scrooge, gouge • college, bandage, village, steerage

  11. Common Vowel Spellings • See the chart below for common vowel spellings based on position in a syllable or word…

  12. Spelling and Pattern Recognition • “Orthographic patterns are internalized through exposure to multiple examples, opportunities to sort and compare words, and explicit instruction in the most dependable patterns.”

  13. Syllables • There are 6 types of written syllables…

  14. Syllables: When to Double Consonants • Closed syllables must end in at least one consonant. The vowel that comes before the doubled consonants must by short. • Examples: sup/per su/per hum/merhu/mor wa/ger wag/ger

  15. Suffixes • See pages 107-109 for rules and exercises for adding suffixes 

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