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Confucius, Philosopher

Confucius, Philosopher. Born: 551 B.C. Birthplace: Lu, China (now Shandong province) Died: 479 B.C. Best Known As: Chinese sage Also Known As: Kong Fu-Zi

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Confucius, Philosopher

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  1. Confucius, Philosopher • Born: 551 B.C. • Birthplace: Lu, China (now Shandong province) • Died: 479 B.C. • Best Known As: Chinese sage • Also Known As: Kong Fu-Zi • Confucius was a teacher, scholar and minor political official whose commentary on Chinese literary classics developed into a pragmatic philosophy for daily life • After his death his pupils collected notes on his sayings and doings and recorded them as the Analects • His approach was formalized into a political and religious system during the Han Dynasty in the early part of the third century. It was embraced by subsequent generations and was the "state religion" of China until the latter part of the 20th century

  2. ENDS >Lì, "profit, gain, advantage": NOT a proper motive for actions affecting others. The idea that profit is the source of temptation to do wrong is the Confucian ground of the later official disparagment of commerce and industry. • Li, "propriety, good manners, politeness, ceremony, worship." Xiào, "to honor one's parents," filial piety • MEANS >Yì, "right conduct, morality, duty to one's neighbor," righteousness. • Yì may be broken down into: zhong, doing one's best, conscientiousness, "loyalty" ; and shù, "reciprocity," altruism, consideration for others, "what you don't want yourself, don't do to others" • The Master said, "The gentleman (chün tzu or ) understands yì. The small man understands lì."

  3. Mastery of the six arts — ritual, music, archery, charioteering, calligraphy, and arithmetic — and familiarity with history and poetry enabled him to begin a brilliant teaching career in his thirties The texts are Daxue, Zhongyong, Lunyu (the Analects, which reputedly contains direct quotations from Confucius and is deemed the most reliable source of his teachings), and Mencius Lunyu the most reliable source of the doctrine of Confucius. It covers almost all the basic ethical concepts of Confucianism — for example, ren (benevolence), junzi (the superior man), Tian (Heaven), zhong yong (doctrine of the mean), li (proper conduct), and zheng ming (rectification of names). Five Classics, which consist of the Yijing ("Classic of Changes"), the Shujing ("Classic of History"), the Classic of Poetry, the Collection of Rituals, and the Chunqiu ("Spring and Autumn Annals").

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