High Density Stainless Steel

1. High Density Stainless Steel By Richard R. Phillips Engineered Pressed Materials Dennis Hammond Apex Advanced Technologies EPM

2. Process Overview and Key Features of the Technologies • Blending additive package with lubricant • Water atomized powder -100 mesh • Sintered Density >96.0%; up to 99%+ of theoretical • Properties comparable or superior to • wrought materials • Standard tooling / conventional pressing • Normal compaction range EPM

3. Process Overview and Key Features of the Technologies • Reduction or elimination of green density split via designed lubrication package • Molding to mass • Controlled debinding / Sintering 2150F to 2550F degrees in 100% Hydrogen for 60min. • Sintering on low friction high temperature plates EPM

4. Process Overview and Key Features of the Technologies • Plates Zircar ZAL-45 alumina or BN coated Graphite or ceramic • Properties are a typical of P/M and aligned to wrought products • Interconnected porosity is eliminated • Mechanical, Physical (electrical, magnetically …) and Chemical properties are enhanced EPM

5. High Density P/M Stainless Steel Obstacles • Relative poor compressibility compared to theory or compared to closing off interconnecting porosity • High oxide content and difficult to break them down during sintering without very high temperatures • High temperatures required for efficient sintering • Distortion during sintering • Abrasive nature of Stainless Steel in compacting EPM

6. Possible Solutions • Compressibility- inherent in material • Oxide content –inherent in process of making powder • Sintering temperature- inherent with the high oxide content • Break down the oxides during processing and make consolidation easier • Deal with the abrasives and distortions by techniques and highly efficient lubrication EPM

7. Dimensional Control Variables • Green density gradients - highly effective mobile lubricant, volume at G.D. • Elephant foot- caused by friction forces on support medium- reduced friction medium • Temperature –tendency to slump with temperature and time- controlled time and temperature • Liquid phase components- uniformity oftemperature EPM

8. Activated Stainless • Additive’s coated on the surface of powder • Additional additives ad mixed to powder including a highly efficient lubricant package • Controlled de-bind in air • Sinter at conventional temperatures in Hydrogen • Pressing equivalent to conventional S.S. EPM

9. Stainless Steel Materials Processed • 316 L • 409Cb • 434 L • 304 L • 410 L • 410+C • 17-4pH EPM

10. Stainless Steel Materials Processed • Activated and Standard from 2150F to 2534F in 100%H2 for 60min. • Density vs Temperature • Ultimate, Yield & Elongation vs Temp. • Un-notched Charpy Impacts & Elongation vs Temperature • Hardness & Ultimate vs Temperature EPM

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