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For Today. How far we've come!This ChapterScience and the massesScientists seek proofThe break-through!. The Triumph of Evolution?. Darwin Descent of Man (1871) The common sentiment
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1. Missing Links Chapter 6
9/27/07
2. For Today How far weve come!
This Chapter
Science and the masses
Scientists seek proof
The break-through!
3. The Triumph of Evolution? Darwin
Descent of Man (1871)
The common sentiment
the higher mental and spiritual nature of man is not the mere animal advanced through survival of the fittest. Alfred Russell Wallace
4. Not Everyone Agrees Evolutionary Naturalists
Charles Lyell
Alfred Russell Wallace
Duke of Argyll
Other Public notaries
Leo Tolstoy
Henry Ward Beecher
William Gladstone
William Jennings Bryan
5. . But some do agree Huxley
Haeckel
Karl Marx
Socialist
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Feminist
Herbert Spencer
Social Philosopher
6. The new Religion Andrew Carnegie
industrialist
George Holyoake
Secularist
7. Seeking Proof Current evidence
Geographic distribution
Anatomical similarities
Natural groupings
New evidence
Paleontology!!
8. Cuvier vs. Lyell
Cuviers proof
Species remain constant within geologic time
Species abruptly replaced-- catastrophist
Humans only appear in recent period
Lyells uniformitarianism
Fossils laid down intermittently discontinuities prove nothing!
abrupt appearance of new species suggest gradual successio
9. Late 19th Century Fossils linking reptiles to birds
Sequence of fossils leading to modern horses
Huxley and O.C. Marsh
Branching pattern of evolution
Still mounting evidence -- intermediate forms
10. Birds from the Age of Dinosaurs Archaeopteryx
Bavaria 1861 and 1877, primitive reptile-bird
Ichthyornis dispar
Hesperornis regalis
Kansas 1872, primitive reptile-bird
Compsognathus lognipas
Bavaria, small bird-like dinosaur
11. Horses In Europe
Albert Gaudry (1850s) -- 3-toed horses from Pikerni, Greece
Huxley and Kovalevsky (1870s) -- more 3-toed horses!
In the U.S.
O.C. Marsh (1860s) -- 4 and 5-toed horses
12. Who cares? Public still not convinced
Gaps in fossil record
Fossils from pre-Cambrian strata?
Fossils connecting humans to apes?
13. On the order of humans Cuvier and Owen put humans in their own taxonomic order (Homo sapiens)
Huxley (Mans Place in Nature, 1863) put all primates in the same order
Cousins?
Engis skull (Belgium 1833)
An average human skull that might have belonged to a philosopher. Huxley
Neanderthal bones (Germany 1856)
Cro-Magnon Man (France)
14. Awakening Public Awareness Lyells Antiquity of Man(1863)
Rousing public interest
Not really Darwinian
Incremental development of body
Great leaps forward in intelligence
Darwins betrayal
Opening the door
15. Science marches on Human cultural evolution
Archeology
Anthropology
Move over historians, moral philosophers, and theologians
16. Dubois Eugene Dubois (1858, Netherlands)
Conservative Catholic upbringing
M.D. 1884
Anatomy instructor at University of Amsterdam 1886
Inspired by Darwin, Lyell, and Haeckel
Joined Dutch Army as medical officer and moved to East Indies 1887
17. Duboiss Mission Haeckel History of Creation (1873)
it follows from this theory that the human race, in the first phase, must be traced back to ape-like animals.
18. Duboiss Discovery Pithecanthropus erectus (1891) (Homo erectus)
Walked upright
Brain intermediate between humans and apes
Upright Apeman or Java Man
International sensation
Place in evolutionary tree debated
19. Brain size vs. Uprightness Piltdown Man (1912)
England
Brain size led way to human evolution
A hoax (1953)
Peking Man (1929)
Same as P. erectus?? Found in China
Many more specimens found
Actually, more closely related to man than apes
20. South Africa, 1924 Raymond Dart
Australian anatomist and anthropologist
Trained at University College, London
Head of Anatomy Dept., Univ. Witwatersand, South Africa
Prizes for bones!!
Josephine Salomons and the limestone quarry
Australopithecus africanus Taung Child
21. The Cradle of Mankind Nature February 7, 1925
their eyes saw, their ears heard, and their hands handled objects with greater meaning and to fuller purpose than the corresponding organs in recent apes.
Raymond Dart
22. The Raging Debate Leading anthropologists rebuke Darts claim
Robert Broom Darts bulldog?
1936 new specimens of A. africanus
at Sterkfontein, South Africa
Affirmation of walking erect
Australopithecus robustus
Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark (1947)
Confirmed Taung Child to Academia
Disproved Piltdown Man
23. The Discoveries continue Louis and Mary Leaky (1959)
Kenyan paleontologists
Great Rift Valley
Australopithecus boisei
Homo habilis (Handy man, 1961) by Jonathan Leaky
H. erectus (1970s) by Richard Leaky
Donald Johnson team (1970s)
USA
A. afarensis
Lucy
Many more Australopithecus from Great Rift Valley
Earlier hominid fossils (1990s)
Ardipithecus
Orrorin
Sahelanthropus
24. Hominid Species Sahelanthropus tchadensisOrrorin tugenensisArdipithecus ramidusAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus afarensisKenyanthropus platyopsAustralopithecus africanusAustralopithecus garhiAustralopithecus aethiopicusAustralopithecus robustusAustralopithecus boisei Homo habilisHomo georgicusHomo erectusHomo ergasterHomo antecessorHomo heidelbergensisHomo neanderthalensisHomo floresiensis Homo sapiens sapiens
25. The Discoveries still continue Homo floresiensis
Flores 2003
1 Meter tall (hobbit?)
Hunted dwarf elephants
26. Hominid Evolutionary Timeline
evolution.berkeley.edu/.../IIE2cHumanevop2.shtml
27. References Websites
http://www.talkorigins.org
http://www.strangescience.net
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/
http://www.becominghuman.org/
http://www.sciencedaily.com/
Some interesting papers
Tocheri, Matthew W., et al. The Primitive Wrist of Homo floresiensis and Its Implications for Hominid Evolution Science 2007, 317:5845, 17431745.
Spoor, F., et al. Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya Nature 2007, 448, 688-691.