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Fluid & haemodynamic disorders

Fluid & haemodynamic disorders. Ischemia & Infarction DR SHASHIDHAR. ISCHAEMIA. Deficient blood supply to part of a tissue Complete Partial ETIOLOGY Cardiac Arterial Venous. Cardiac causes. Heart block Ventricular arrest Fibrillation. Arterial causes.

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Fluid & haemodynamic disorders

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  1. Fluid & haemodynamic disorders Ischemia & Infarction DR SHASHIDHAR

  2. ISCHAEMIA • Deficient blood supply to part of a tissue • Complete • Partial • ETIOLOGY • Cardiac • Arterial • Venous

  3. Cardiac causes • Heart block • Ventricular arrest • Fibrillation

  4. Arterial causes • Thrombosis, embolism • Vasospasm • Arteriosclerosis • Ligature • Torsion • Hypothermia • TAO • Torniquet • Tight bandage

  5. Venous causes • Mesentric vein thrombosis • Cavernous sinus thrombosis • Varicose veins of legs • Strangulated hernia • Intussusception

  6. Factors determining severity • Anatomic pattern of blood supply • General & CV status • Rapidity • Degree of occlusion

  7. Effects result from • Hypoxia • Inadequacy of nutrients • Inadequate clearance of metabolism and thus accumulation

  8. Effects are • Not adequate to withstand exertion  angina intermittent claudication • Cellular changes  cloudy swelling, fatty change, atrophy replacement fibrosis • Sudden death  cardiac/ cerebral

  9. INFARCTION • Process of localised area of tissue necrosis resulting from circulatory insufficiency • It is the result of ischemia • Causes: Arterial Lumen: Thrombus / Embolus wall: vasospasm, atheromatous plq, TAO compression : Tumor Venous :Lumen -Thrombus/ Embolus compression- Tumor

  10. Factors – outcome • Type of vascular supply Dual – Lung, liver , forearm End-arterial – Kidney , spleen • Rate of occlusion – slow : unlikely • Vulnerability : neurons> myocardial cells • Oxygen content: anemia or cyanosis

  11. CLASSIFICATION : • Colour: pale / red • Age: recent / old • Infection: bland / septic

  12. White / pale • Arterial • Solid Organs • End – Arterial Red/ Hemorrhagic • Venous • Loose textured tissue . Eg lung • Dual supply

  13. Morphology • White infarcts: heart , kidney , spleen wedge shaped margins – well defined pale color • Red / hemorrhagic infarct : Dual : Lung, liver collateral : small intestine, brain margines- sharp , red to purple

  14. INFARCTION wedge shaped

  15. Old infarct : fibrosed, shrunken

  16. Morphology • Microscopy : • coagulative necrosis of affected part {cerebral : liquefacive} • Hemorrhage • Peripheral inflammation, initially neutrophils, subsequently macrophages and fibroblasts • Necrotic area replaced by fibrous scar tissue dystophic calcification

  17. In cerebral : liquefactive necrosis  gliosis • Microglial cells distended by fatty material = called gitter cells

  18. Thank you

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