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Hydropower 1700 ’ s ~ Early 1800 ’ s

Hydropower 1700 ’ s ~ Early 1800 ’ s. Bernard Forest de B é lidor Architecture Hydraulique , . Late 1800,s. Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company. Niagara Falls, New York. Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin. Bureau of Reclamation. Mid-1900 ’ s. Industrial age

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Hydropower 1700 ’ s ~ Early 1800 ’ s

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  1. Hydropower 1700’s ~ Early 1800’s • Bernard Forest de Bélidor • Architecture Hydraulique,

  2. Late 1800,s • Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company. • Niagara Falls, New York. • Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin

  3. Bureau of Reclamation

  4. Mid-1900’s • Industrial age • New technology • Better Construction • Bigger Budgets

  5. Currently • 1/10 of electricity, US. • 20% World electricity

  6. Three Gorges Dam • Over one mile long • 575 feet tall. • 25-75 billion dollars. • 20 years of construction • Completion in 2009

  7. Hydro-Electric Systems • Sizes- large, small, Micro • Types- Impoundment, diversion, pumped storage • Turbines- reaction and impulse • Home-Hydro-Power

  8. In the beginning…

  9. Chinese Casting Iron

  10. Large Hydro-systems • Defined as greater than 30 megawatts by Department of Energy • Hoover dam- (1300 MW) • Largest in World Venezuela (10,000MW) • China- 18,600 MW (2009)

  11. Small Hydro-systems • DOE 100kw – 30mw • Industries, towns • Thailand (9mw)

  12. Micro-hydro system • DOE 0-100 kw • Farm, home, village • Increasing in #’s Today

  13. Impoundment Type

  14. Diversion Type

  15. Diversion (Brazil)

  16. Pumped Storage Energy control- produce power on demand • 70-80% efficency • Net electricity consumers • Can be PV and wind powered

  17. Turbines: Reaction or Impulse • Depends on: head, flow, and pressure • Impulse- similar to water wheel (cupped Blades) Spins in the air • Reaction- used in large facilities • (Blades similar to boat propeller) Submerged in water

  18. Impulse-type Turbine • High-head use- • (Vertical drop > 10m) • High pressure (PSI)

  19. Reaction-type Turbine • Low-head situations (high flow/ low PSI)

  20. Home-Micro-Hydro • How to determine power? • Watts= head x GPM/10 (53% efficiency) • Power usage- 300-400 watts/Typical N.A. home (refrigerator, washing machine, lights, entertainment, communication- standard efficiency) • Efficient house (200 watts)

  21. Micro-Hydro site • 15 kw of power • Servicing 25 homes • $30,000

  22. Inside of Micro Turbine • 4 inch diameter impulse turbine • Creates 200 watts of power • Cost $1440

  23. Micro-Hydro Systems • Easy and Durable • Cost of turbine/alternator $1000-$3000 • Legal regulations

  24. Hydropower – Pros and Cons • Current hydropower technology, while essentially emission-free, can have undesirable environmental effects, such as fish injury and mortality from passage through turbines, as well as detrimental effects on the quality of downstream water.

  25. Fish Passage • Fish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. • Upstream fish passage • Fish ladders or elevators • trucks • Downstream fish passage • aided by diverting fish from turbine intakes using screens or racks or even underwater lights and sounds, and by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.

  26. Fish Ladder

  27. Water Quality and Flow • Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riparian habitats and is addressed using various aeration techniques. Maintaining minimum flows of water downstream of a hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of riparian habitats.

  28. Environmentally Friendly Turbines • Environmentally friendly turbines, also called "fish friendly" turbines, aim to reduce fish mortality when passing through the turbine, while also increasing water quality by maintaining dissolved oxygen concentrations.

  29. Pros • Control of floods and water flow • Generate electric cleanly and is renewable • Efficiency – Energy to Electricity at 90%

  30. Cons • Disrupt natural flow patterns of the stream • Fertilization of flood plain • Fish migration • Sediment and stratification • Decommissioning and Dam removal • Hydro licensing / re-licensing • Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the Forest Service (FS), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), the National Park Service (NPS), the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the Bureau of Reclamation (BuRec), Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

  31. Conclusion • The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) river basin studies show a potential of 73,200 MW of additional U.S. hydroelectric capacity

  32. References • http://www.ferc.gov/industries/hydropower/gen-info/water-power/wp-pump.asp • http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html • http://www.homepower.com/files/hp44-24.pdf • http://library.thinkquest.org/20331/types/hydro/types.html • Hinrichs, Kleinbach. ENERGY, Its use and the Environment,Tompson Learning, 2002.

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