Planting Colonies in North America

1. Planting Colonies in North America Out of Many Chapter 3

2. Key Topics • A comparison of the European colonies established in North America in the seventeenth century • The English & Algonquian colonial encounter in the Chesapeake • The role of religious dissent in the planting of the New England colonies • The restoration of the Stuart monarchy and the creation of new proprietary colonies • Indian warfare and internal conflict at the end of the seventeenth century

3. How did conditions in New Spain and New France differ from Virginia and New England? Spain and its competitors in north America

4. Spain & Its Competitors in North America • At the beginning of the 17th century, Spain controlled the only colonial outposts on the mainland (Florida) • Spain & France: • did not transport large numbers of people to colonize but rather tried to convert Indians into subjects • “frontiers of inclusion” • England • Settlers & Indians lived in separate communities • “frontiers of exclusion” • Dutch • Began in the same fashion as the Spanish, but later adopted the English model

5. New Mexico • Rumors of gold found along the Rio Grande • Juan de Onate went on exploration for gold • Was never any gold • Without mines to exploit, Spain was losing interest • Missionaries convinced Spain to make New Mexico a missionarycolony • 1609, Santa Fe namedcapital • Economy based onsmall-scaleagricultural & sheepraising

6. New France • Control of Fur Trade:Samuel de Champlain • 1st post at Port Royal1608, founded thesettlement of Quebec • Unlike Spanish who established towns, French were dispersed to exploit the fur trade • Attempted to form alliances with Indian nations rather than force them into labor • frequently married Indian women • Though it was a geographically & politically strong settlement, in the winter, the river froze & they had a very short growing season • Found themselves in the midst of the Beaver Wars against the Iroquois

7. New Netherland • Holland was ruled by the Spanish until 1581 • Amsterdam home of 1st stock market • Largest commercial fishing fleets • Dutch East India Company & Dutch West India Company • Built a series of trading posts around the world • Combined military power & economic strength • became the greatest commercial power in the world • First appeared in America in 1609, Henry Hudson • Allied with the Iroquois Confederacy

8. How did tobacco change the nature of English colonization in Virginia? England in the Chesapeake

9. England in the Chesapeake • Newfoundland & Roanoke Island were England’s first attempts at planting colonies, and both were failures • 1607, Jamestown • King James I • Virginia Company (royal charter) • 1st permanent English settlement • Believed that Indians were savageswith no rights that Christians had torespect • “…have no particular propertie in anyparcell of that country, but only a generalresidence there, as wild beasts have in theforest.” • “King Powhatan” • Though he knew it could be trouble, wanted to form an alliance with the Europeans • Wanted access to metals & weapons • John Smith, military leader

10. Pocahontas • Powhatan had helped thecolonists with their food supply • As more and more colonist came, he realized that they weren’t there to trade, but to take his country • Stopped supplying food • Many colonists starved that winter & some resorted to cannibalism • Small war broke out between the Indians & colonists • Captured Chief Powhatan’s daughter, Matoaka (aka Pocahontas) • Finally a peace treaty signed • Pocahontas married John Rolfe, travelled to England, but fell ill & died before she returned to America

11. Tobacco, Expansion, & Warfare • Tobacco • First introduced by Francis Drake • John Rolfe created a hybrid variety for first commercial shipments back to England • Provided the first returns on the Virginia Company’s investments • “Frontier of Exclusion” • Did not need Indians to marry or as workers • Sent over both male & females to live in the colonies • Chief Opechancanough • Prepared people for an assault on colonists • Nearly 1/3 of Virginia’s population killed • Attrition lasted nearly 10 years • Royal Colony • The Virginia Company went bankrupt due to the war with the Indians • House of Burgesses – legislature of colonial Virginia – in charge of taxes & finances • 1640, approx. 10,000 in population / 1670, approx 40,000 in population

12. Maryland • 1632, King Charles Igranted 10 millionacres of land to theCalvert family • The Lords Baltimore • Important Catholicsupporters of monarchy • Became the only English colony with a substantial Catholic population • Proprietary colony • single owners dividing up the land into feudal manors • A colony created when the English monarch granted a huge tract of land to an individual or group of individuals, who became “lords proprietor” • Adopted the tobacco plantation economy

13. Indentured Servants • Individuals who contracted to serve a master for a period of four to seven years in return for payment of the servant’s passage to America • Totaled ¾ of the English migrants to the Chesapeake • Most were young, unskilled males; some were skilled craftsmen, unmarried women, or parentless children, convicts, or vagabonds • African slaves were more expensive than servants • 2 out of every 5 servants died before their contracted service was up • If survived, they received “freedom dues” • Most tried to raise enough money to travel back home to England

14. Chesapeake Community • Though the colonies had spread, they had developed few community institutions • Few woman & high mortality rates led to smaller families • Maintained close ties with England

15. What were the social and political values of Puritanism and how did religious dissent shape the history of the New England colonies? The New England Colonies

16. The New England Colonies • Northern colonies were not hospitable to tobacco or other cash crops • Became haves for Protestant dissenters from England • Puritanism • Followers of Calvin (predestination) • Wanted to purify & reform the English church • Constantly in conflict with royal authorities • Disruption in Trade • John Smith explored the northern coast line & dubbed it “New England” • Although inhabited by French/Dutch, epidemics spread & killed most of the Indian communities with which they traded

17. Pilgrims & Separatists • Founded the first English colony in New England at Massachusetts Bay, renamed Plymouth • They believed the English church to be so corrupt that they had to establish their own independent congregations • Mayflower Compact – firstdocument of self-governmentin North America • Plymouth colony never afinancial success • Had an initial winter ofstarvation, but with the help ofthe Indians, established acommunity of self-sufficientfarms

18. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Massachusetts Bay Company – wealthy Puritans • Renamed their settlement Salem • Great Migration – some 20,000 people relocated to Boston, Massachusetts • Believed that social hierarchy was ordained by God & necessary for well-ordered communities • Established public schools & grammar schools

19. Indians & Puritans • Unlike the French & Dutch, the English were interested in acquiring land for agriculture • Thus, conflicts between them & the Indians grew • Took advantage of Indians who were already weakened by disease • Used various pressure tactics to acquire land, including war

20. Puritan Community • Valued closely knit families & communities • Stressed male-dominated, well-ordered communities • Governed locally by a governor & elected representatives • Boys were well-educated • Expected religious uniformity

21. Roger Williams Anne Hutchison • Came to New England in 1631 • Tasked to take up duties for the congregation in Salem • Believed in religious tolerance • Believed in separation of church & state • Stated colonists had no right to Indian land, but must bargain for it in good faith • 1636, banished from the colony • Left with followers & founded the town of Providence (RI) • Wife of a Puritan merchant • Brilliant & outspoken • Held religious discussion groups in her home • Criticized Boston ministers for a lack of piety • Said earning your way to heaven was “popish” • Was excommunicated and banished • Moved to Roger Williams settlement Dissenters

22. Salem Witch Trials • Massachusetts Bay colony had a cultural mistrust for women • 342 New Englandwomen were accusedof witchcraft • Unmarried, childless,widowed, assertive, orindependent • Most were dismissed byauthorities • 1692, small group of girls claimed to be bewitched by older women in the community • The accusers & the accused were from different sides of town, and typically of differing religious viewpoints • In the end, 20 people were tried, condemned & executed

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24. What role did the crown play in the founding of English colonies after 1660? The proprietary Colonies

25. The Proprietary Colonies • Early Carolina • Most settlers were from Barbados • Home to small farmers & tobacco planters • Netherlands to New York • After 3 small naval wars between Britainand the Dutch, the English gained controlof the Dutch colony & renamed itNew York • Communities of the Delaware Valleysplit off into the proprietary colony ofNew Jersey • Pennsylvania • William Penn – wanted a haven for the Society of Friends (Quakers) who supported religious toleration and pacifism • King Charles settled a debt to Penn’s father by granting him this land • “holy experiment” – granted religious freedom, civil liberties, & elected representation

26. What led to violent conflict between Indians and colonists? Conflict and War

27. Conflict & War • Pequot War • 1637, conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut • 40 years of peace followed this war • King Philip’s War • Spring 1675 • Metacom was the leader of the Pokanokets (aka King Philip) • Plymouth had gained sovereignty over Metacom’s territory • Knew it was time to break their alliance and start a confrontation • New England used territorial gain/expansion as an excuse to invade and attacked/burned a number of villages • 4,000 Algonquians & 2,000 colonists died • Had one of the highest casualty rates of any war in American history

29. Bacon’s Rebellion • Sir William Berkeley was the royal governor of Virginia • Adopted policies favoring large planters and used dictatorial powers to govern on their behalf • Antagonized backwoods farmers on VAs western frontier because he failed to protect their settlements from Indian attacks • Nathaniel Bacon seized upon the grievances of the western farmers to lead a rebellion against Berkeley’s gov’t • Resented the economic & political control of a few large planters • Raised an army of volunteers & conducted a series of raids against Indian villages on the Virginia frontier • Berkeley’s gov’t in Jamestown accused Bacon of rebelling against royal authority • Bacon defeated governor’s forces & burned Jamestown • Soon afterward, Bacon died of dysentery & the rebel army collapsed • Berkeley brutally suppressed the remnants of the insurrection

30. Lasting Problems • Though short-lived, Bacon’s Rebellion (aka the Chesapeake Revolution) highlighted 2 long-lasting disputes in colonial VA: • Sharp class differences between wealthy planters & landless or poor farmers • Colonial resistance to royal control

31. More Conflict • James II attempted to re-exert the monarchy’s control over the colonies • Traditions of local autonomy were suppressed • Resentment & fears of a Catholic monarchy led tot eh Glorious Revolution • Led to the creation of a constitutional monarchy • After revolts in Boston, NY, and elsewhere self-gov’t was restored throughout most of America

32. King William’s War • 1689, the war began • Marked the beginnings of 75 years of Anglo-French conflict • 1701, gov’ts of most colonies reorganized to bring them under more direct royal control

33. Conclusion • The 17th century saw vast changes as hundreds of thousands of Europeans moved to North America. • Different European nations carved out distinctive types of colonies.

34. Questions to Think About… • In what ways was he Spanish experience with the Pueblos like the experience of other European colonizers? In what ways was it different? • In what ways did the French and Spanish need the Indians? How were the French and Spanish experiences with Indians like or not like the English experience in this regard? • What were the goals of the founders of Virginia? How were these goals like or unlike the goals of the founders of Massachusetts Bay? • How did community and family life in the Chesapeake compare with that of Massachusetts? • What were the key factors leading to outbreaks of warfare with Indians? • What were the key factors leading to outbreaks of rebellion against established authority?