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Body Composition

Body Composition. Assessment and Methods. Body Composition. The chemical makeup of the body Two compartment model = divides the body into two parts (FFM, FM) Can determine how much FFM or FM is present by assessing: Body Density = M/V (UWW, SF) Total body water (BIA). Body Fat.

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Body Composition

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  1. Body Composition Assessment and Methods

  2. Body Composition • The chemical makeup of the body • Two compartment model = divides the body into two parts (FFM, FM) • Can determine how much FFM or FM is present by assessing: • Body Density = M/V (UWW, SF) • Total body water (BIA)

  3. Body Fat • Interpretation of norms • Acceptable • Obese (at risk) • Minimal/essential

  4. Uses for Body Comp. Measures • Assess effectiveness of training program at achieving weight loss • Classify body com. measures in order to evaluate health risk • Monitor growth and development in kids • Assessing changes associated with malnutrition, injury, aging, etc • Assist in exercise prescription/nutrition plan • Estimate competitive sport weights

  5. Types of Measurement • Anthropometric measures • Height and weight • Bony diameters and circumferences • Skinfolds • Bioelectrical Impedance • Hydrostatic weighing

  6. Height and Weight • Weight • balance-type or digital scale on level floor, no carpet • minimal clothing, no shoes • record in kg and in lbs. • Height • vertical ruler with a horizontal headboard • no shoes, heels together, back straight, weight evenly distributed • record in inches and cm

  7. Measuring Body Composition • Skinfolds • ESTIMATE Body density from subcutaneous fat • Validity = 0.70 – 0.90 • Assumes that ~33% of total body fat is located subcutaneously • Varies with age, gender and ethnicity • + 3.5% accuracy if performed perfectly

  8. % Fat from Skinfolds • Sum of 2 to 7 skinfolds to predict Db • Use an appropriate Db prediction equation (Heyward 186 or ACSM 63) • Population-specific equation (174 Heyward or 65 ACSM) to convert Db to % fat • Note that both Db and % fat are ESTIMATED using regression equations

  9. Measuring Body Fat using SF • See page 62 ACSM and page 188 for procedures • You will be quizzed on these procedures • See page 62 ACSM for SF sites • You can use the pictures on page 331-5 Heyward as guides, but note that some differ from ACSM • NO HORIZONTAL FOLDS!

  10. Body Comp. - BIA • Bioelectrical Impedance • Assesses body composition by passing an electrical current through the body. • The resistance to the flow reflects the amount of fat present and TBW • FFM has higher water content than FM • Electrolytes in water are good conductors

  11. BIA • BIA analyzer will provide values for resistance(R) • Use the R values to determine body fat (computer software) • Calculate your own % fat values if you do not know the equations used by the analyzer • population-specific/general equations (p. 194 Heyward)

  12. BIA Technique • Tanita and Supine Method • testing procedures (p. 195) • Guidelines: • no eating or drinking for 4 hours before • no exercise 12 hours before • urinate 30 minutes before • no alcohol 48 hours before • no diuretics before • avoid testing females who feel they are retaining water

  13. Potential Effects on BIA Assessment of FFM • Eating/drinking prior to measurement will decrease R and overpredict FFM • Dehydration will increase R and can cause underestimation of FFM • Moderate intensity exercise can significantly decrease R and overpredict FFM

  14. Bony Diameters and Circumferences/Frame Size • Bony Diameters: • shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle are common sites • sliding calipers, measure in inches or cm. • Circumferences: - p. 337 • abdominal, waist, hip are common • use anthropometric tape or plastic tape measure

  15. Circumferences and Diameters • Uses: • More accurately estimate body fat in obese individuals than skinfolds (equations p. 199) • Easy, cheaper, and subject to less observer error (greater objectivity)

  16. Circumferences • Sites (Appendix D.4 Heyward) • Take all measures on right side of body • Take at least three measurements • Use anthropometric tapes • Tape should fit snugly, but not indent the skin or subcutaneous tissue • Waist to Hip Ratio – see pp. 58 and 61 ACSM

  17. BonyWidths • Appendix D.5 • Take all measures on right side of body • Take at least three measurements • Place calipers correctly and apply pressure to compress underlying fat, muscle and skin until the measure no longer decreases • Elbow Breadths

  18. Body Mass Index • Well correlated with body composition • Quetelet Index is most widely accepted • kg/m2 OR • [lbs. X 705/height (in)]/height (in) • See pp. 58-59 ACSM or 201 Heyward

  19. Ideal Body Weight • Optimal body weight based on height or desired BMI or % fat

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