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Understanding Cognitive Development: Insights from Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson

This chapter delves into key theories of cognitive development, highlighting the contributions of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. His stage theory outlines how children actively work through cognitive stages, from Sensorimotor to Formal Operational. It discusses concepts like schemas, assimilation, and accommodation. Additionally, the moral development stages proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg are explored, illustrating the evolution of moral reasoning. The psychosocial development framework by Erik Erikson emphasizes the significance of choices and crises in forming identity and social relationships throughout life.

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Understanding Cognitive Development: Insights from Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson

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  1. CHAPTER 4 Theories of development

  2. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT - THOUGHT • JEAN PIAGET– Swiss psychologist • “children are active thinkers” • Child’s mind develops through stages • Brain builds concepts through experiences – SCHEMAS

  3. TYPES OF SCHEMAS • ASSIMILATE– interpret new experiences & ideas in terms of current understanding or schema • Ex: infant has new toy so she sucks on it b/c rooting reflex is schema • ACCOMMODATE– adjust to make sense of new experience • Ex: infant learns toy will squeak when squeezed, so stops sucking it

  4. PIAGET’S DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES • #1: SENSORIMOTOR (0-2 yrs.) – experiences are dictated by senses & actions – object permanence is learned • #2: PREOPERATIONAL (2-6/7 yrs.) – too young to perform certain mental operations  lack concept of conservation • representational thought occurs

  5. PIAGET’S DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES • #3: CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (6/7-12 yrs.) – mastery of conservation, use & understand math, tangible objects & events can be explained & analyzed • #4: FORMAL OPERATIONAL (11/12-adult) – reasoning & able to handle abstract thinking, planning ahead, problem solving, hypothetical problems, considering outcomes, thinking things through, using logic

  6. MORAL DEVELOPMENT – LAWRENCE KOHLBERG • STAGE 1: egocentric – cannot consider others so simply avoid getting caught (Pleasure vs. Pain) • STAGE 2: know what’s right even if don’t choose to do it, but try to receive reward & recognition (“An Eye for an Eye”) • STAGE 3: sincere sensitivity of others – gain acceptance from others – avoid disapproval of others (Good Child)

  7. MORAL DEVELOPMENT – LAWRENCE KOHLBERG • STAGE 4: morality is truly important – what others think doesn’t matter – you know it’s right, so you do it (Law and Order) • STAGE 5: is the “right” decision fair & just – is law fair & just? – promote welfare (Social Contract) • STAGE 6: some ethics apply to everyone in every culture – i.e. “The Golden Rule” –can be ethnocentric to some degree (Ethical Principle)

  8. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT – SOCIAL SITUATIONS • Erik Erikson– German immigrant, Harvard Med. School professor • development is characterized by sequence of challenges that emerge at various stages in life & choices one makes

  9. POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE CHOICES • POSITIVE CHOICESbring people closer together, elevate self-esteem, & reinforce self-identity  healthy foundation • NEGATIVE CHOICESweaken social relationships, lower self-esteem  less happiness & more conflict • Criseschallenge us to develop, grow & form new ideas

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