From Washington to Madison 1789-1812

1. From Washington to Madison1789-1812 Students will examine the legacy of Washington’s, Adams’, Jefferson’s, and Madison’s and their impact on U.S. government.

2. George Washington • Elected President by Electoral College in 1789 • Took oath on April 30, 1789 • Washington has to make “his way in the dark” organizing the executive branch

3. Washington’s Cabinet • John Adams- Vice-President • Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State (foreign affairs) • Alex Hamilton- Secretary of Treasury • Henry Knox- Secretary of War • Edmund Randolph- Attorney General

4. Federal Government under Washington • Presidential cabinet- used as a basis to obtain advice and information • Judiciary Act 1789- Congress establishes the Supreme Court and 13 district courts and circuit courts. This allowed state courts to appeal to federal courts.

5. Hamilton’s Financial Program • Pay off- the national debt at face value and have the federal government assume the war debts of the states • Protect- the young nation’s “infant” industries and collect adequate revenues at the same time by imposing protective tariffs on imported goods • National Bank- for depositing governmental funds and for printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a stable U.S. currency.

6. Capital Compromise • Support- to gain support for his plan from southerners Hamilton proposes moving the capital from NYC to D.C. • New site- located between Maryland and Virginia • Designer- Benjamin Banneker

7. Alexander Hamilton Federalist Party Strong National Government Loose interpretation of the Constitution Wealthy and educated Supported a national bank Distrust of the common people (stupid) Supported the North Economy- manufacturing Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican Party Distrusted a strong national government Strict interpretation of the Constitution Opposed a national bank (unconstitutional) Trusted the common man Supported- South and West Economy- farming Two Ideas about the Constitution

8. Domestic Affairs • Native Americans- resisted U.S. westward expansion. • Excise Tax- tax on a products manufacture, sale and distribution • Whiskey Rebellion of 1794- the rebellion of a group of farmers in Penn. who refused pay the federal excise on whiskey. • New States- Vermont 1791, Kentucky 1792, Tennessee 1796 • Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794- the defeat of the northwest Indians, open up Ohio. • Public Land Act of 1796- orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands.

9. Foreign Affairs • French Revolution 1789- France’s war for independence from a monarchy • Proclamation of Neutrality-Washington's issuance not to get involved in the French Revolution; Jefferson resigned • “Citizen” Genet-appealed to the American people to get their supporting the French Revolution • The Jay Treaty-treaty with Britain stating it will remove all posts on the U.S. western frontier

10. Washington’s Farewell Address • Did not run for a third term sets the tradition of President’s only serving two terms • Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs; sets our Neutrality foreign policy • Warned U.S. about making “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs; sets our Isolationism Foreign Policy • Warned Americans to avoid political parties • Warned Americans to avoid sectionalism

11. John Adams • Elected in 1797 by excess of three electoral votes • Thomas Jefferson appointed V.P. after he loses to Adams • Sectionalism- this is the first vote that is divided along party interests and not national interest

12. Adams Problems • French-American relationship- France begins capturing American ships • The XYZ Affair- French officials demand bribe to see foreign minister • Department of the Navy created • Undeclared war against France • Alien and Sedition Acts • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- Jefferson/Madison see Alien Acts as a misuse of power • Nullification- states have the right to void laws deemed unconstitutional • Death of George Washington Dec, 1799

13. Election of 1800 • Federalist lost popularity • Federalist swept form Congress and Presidency • Two Republicans on the ballot • Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr; tied • Jefferson came out victorious through House choice • Aaron Burr was appointed V.P. 12th Amendment- passed in 1804 to change how President and V.P. are chosen and run for office

14. Revolution of 1800 • The passing of power from one political party to another was accomplished without violence. • Federalist quietly accepted defeat, and power was relinquished to Jefferson’s party, the Democratic-Republican party

15. Simplifying the Presidency • Maintained the national bank and debt repayment of Hamiltonian Plan • Maintained a limited central government • Reduced the size of the military • Eliminated a number of federal jobs • Repealed the excise tax, including Whiskey Tax • Lowered the national debt • Named only Republicans in his cabinet, to avoid internal distraction

16. John Marshall and the Supreme Court • Federalist John Marshall is chief justice for more than 30 years • Judiciary Act of 1801- Adams adds 16 federal judges the midnight before his last day as president • Jefferson argues undelivered appointment papers are invalid, loses argument

17. Marbury v. Madison • • Marbury v. Madison—William Marbury sues to have papers delivered • Judiciary Act of 1789 requires Supreme Court order • Marshall rules requirement unconstitutional • Judicial review—Supreme Court able to declare laws unconstitutional

18. Domestic Affairs • Aaron Burr was not reelected fro a second term as V.P. • Burr plotted to get elected as Gov. of N.Y. and then persuade them and the New England colonies to secede from the Union; but he was defeated in the election • Burr killed Hamilton in a duel, ending the Federalist regime • Burr was accused of treason for a plot to unite with Mexico in taking Louisiana; but was caught, tried and acquitted.

19. The Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase-purchased by the U.S. from France in 1803, for $15 million. • It extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mtns. and from the Gulf of Mexico to British America (Canada). • How did France get it- territory given to France by Spain after Napoleon conquers the country

21. The Louisiana Purchase Con’t Why did Napoleon sell it?- needed the money to fight a war with England in Europe Why did Jefferson buy it?- 1. The purchase doubled the area of the U.S. 2. Removed a foreign presence 3. Guaranteed the extension of the U.S. westward Jefferson’s Problem- He didn’t really have the power to make the purchase but argued it fell under implied powers of the Constitution

22. Exploring Our New Territory Lewis and Clark- Appointed by Jefferson to lead Corps of Discovery; explore new territory, find route to Pacific- gather information about people, plants animals lasts over two years Sacajawea- Native American woman, serves as interpreter and guide

23. War is Brewing -Challenges to U. S. neutrality- U. S. neutral ships were being attacked by Britain -Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 1807- the British warship Leopard fired on the U.S. warship Chesapeake, leading to angry heated feelings toward Britain. -Embargo Act 1807 -to avoid war, Congress was persuaded to pass this act; prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port; bringing great hardships onto Americans -Repeal of Embargo Act 1809- a depression hit the U.S. so bad New England threatened to leave the Union

24. Jefferson’s Presidency comes to an End • Jefferson believed strongly in tradition est.. By Washington of voluntarily retiring after a second term • He supported a close friend for his party’s nomination, the Secretary of State • James Madison was elected in 1808

25. War of 1812- The Second War for Independence -Tecumseh’s Confederacy- Shawnee chief Tecumseh tries to form Native American confederacy to stop the sale of land to the U.S. -William Henry Harrison- leads an attack against Tecumseh and wins, breaks his alliance and gives Americans even more land claims

26. War with Britain • War Hawks- • They want to go to war with Britain because Native Americans have British guns they are mainly from the South and West (near the new territories) • Madison- new president gives in to the War Hawks and declares war on Britain, claims they are crippling U.S. trade and economy • We are not prepared for a war against Britain, poorly supplied, no money, lack of unity, poor generals, lack of a standing army • New England refuses to help in the war does not provide money or manpower for the war

27. Let’s Invade Canada • Disaster- American troops enter Toronto and burn the capital building • Loss- We are soundly run out of Canada by British and Canadian troops, we lose several battles and surrender Detroit • West- wide open to invasion, Native Americans claim control but a battle kills Tecumseh and ends their control.

28. End of the War 1812 • Navy- Surprisingly we win a few battles but not enough to stop 1,100 ships from a blockade of the U.S. almost destroys the country. • Baltimore- Star Spangled Banner • Washington D.C. Burned- In retaliation for Toronto the White House and Capitol Building burned to the ground by the British. • Treaty of Ghent- In December of 1814 Britain and the U.S. agree to a cease fire • Battle of New Orleans- • General Andrew Jackson- leads this battle after the Treaty of Ghent against superior British forces; becomes a national hero. • 1817 commercial treaty between U.S. and Britain, 1818 49th Parallel sets Louisiana territory.

29. Results of the War of 1812 • The War inspired a spirit of nationalism • It gained the respect of England and other foreign nations • The war encourage the growth of American industry • The war stimulated westward expansion by removing armed opposition by Indians