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Understanding Energy Flow in Ecosystems

Learn about producers, consumers, decomposers, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, and chemical cycles in ecosystems.

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Understanding Energy Flow in Ecosystems

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  1. I. Energy Flow A. Producers • Make their own food through photosynthesis using sun, water, and carbon dioxide • Plants, algae

  2. B. Consumers • Feed on other organisms, cannot make their own food • Example: humans, bear, fox, cow, insects

  3. C. Decomposers • Break down dead organisms, recycling chemicals to soil, water, & air • Example: fungi, bacteria, certain insects like earthworms, centipedes, sow bugs

  4. D. Energy enters ecosystems as LIGHT is converted to CHEMICAL ENERGY by producers and exits the ecosystem as HEAT.

  5. II. Food Chain • Trophic levels Feeding level, represents position in food chain/food web

  6. Food Chain pathway of food transfer from one trophic level to another You always start with PRODUCERS on the left/bottom of a food chain.

  7. Producer --> Primary Consumer--> Secondary Consumer--> Tertiary Consumer D. Decomposers are found at EACH trophic level.

  8. III. Food Web • Definition: pattern of feeding represented by interconnected branching food chains- more realistic representation of feeding relationships.

  9. Draw a simple food web

  10. IV. Three Kinds of Ecological Pyramids A. Energy pyramid • Description: diagram representing energy loss from one trophic level to the next

  11. 10% Rule- an average of 10% of the available energy at a trophic level is converted to biomass in the next higher trophic level.

  12. B. Biomass Pyramid • Description: represents the actual dry mass of organisms at each trophic level

  13. Pyramid of Numbers • Description: the number of individual organisms in each trophic level of an ecosystem

  14. V. Chemical Cycles A. Basic plan Producers Consumers Decomposers

  15. B. Carbon-Oxygen Cycle • CO2 Used for photosynthesis • Product of photosynthesis is sugar and oxygen • During cellular respiration, sugar is broken down in presence of oxygen, and CO2 is release into air

  16. The Carbon Cycle

  17. The Carbon Cycle

  18. C. NITROGEN CYCLE • Nitrogen found in amino acids, make proteins • 80% of it is in atmosphere • Nitrogen Fixation- certain bacteria “fix” nitrogen gas into ammonium • Found near peas, beans, alfalfa

  19. Nitrification- other bacteria convert ammonium into nitrate • Plants can USE nitrate

  20. Eutrophication!

  21. The Nitrogen Cycle

  22. The Nitrogen Cycle

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