1 / 35

Chapter 3

Chapter 3. By: Bailey . What is cell theory?. Cell Theory . Cells are building blocks for plants and animals Cells are produced by division for preexisting cells Cells are the smallest object that perform physiological functions Each cell maintains homeostasis at cellular level

huong
Télécharger la présentation

Chapter 3

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 3 By: Bailey

  2. What is cell theory?

  3. Cell Theory • Cells are building blocks for plants and animals • Cells are produced by division for preexisting cells • Cells are the smallest object that perform physiological functions • Each cell maintains homeostasis at cellular level • Homeostasis at the tissue, organ, system, and individual levels reflects the combined and coordinated actions of many cells • *Homeostasis- the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

  4. Compare fluid contents of cell with the extracellular fluid

  5. Fluid Content Cytosol Extracellular • High concentration of potassium • Relatively high concentrations of dissolved proteins (enzymes that regulate metabolic operations) • Contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins and waste products • Contains small quantities of carbohydrate and large reserves of amino acids and lipids • High concentration of sodium • All body fluid not within the cell • Plasma and interstitial fluid are included in this

  6. Cell membrane

  7. Cell membrane Structure Importance • Composed of • Phospholipids • Proteins • Glycolipids • Cholesterol • * Cytosol is what mostly makes up the cell. Surrounding that is the Phospholipid bilayer, and within that layer are the proteins and channels • Separates the inside of the cell from the surrounding extracellular fluid • Controls the entry of ions and nutrients, and eliminates waste and the release of secretory products • Let’s the cell respond and recognize to molecules in its environmental • Gives tissues a stable structure

  8. Cell and their environment

  9. Interaction with Environment • A cell needs to maintain homeostasis • It does this through the cell membrane • Taking in nutrients and obtaining water balance and giving off waste • These all are from the environment that need to be taken in or let into the environment from the cell

  10. Structure and function

  11. organelles • Cytosol- distributes materials by diffusion • Cell Membrane- isolation, protection, sensitive, organization

  12. Organelles Nonmembranous Organelles Membranous Organelles • Cytoskeleton • Microtubules • Microfilaments • Microvilli • Cilia • Centrioles • Ribosomes • Nucleus • Endoplasmic reticulum • Rough ER • Smooth ER • Golgi Apparatus • Lysosomes • Peroxisomes

  13. Nonmembranous • Cilia- movement of materials over surface • Centrioles- movement of chromosomes during cell division • Ribosomes- protein synthesis • Cytoskeleton- strength, movement of cellular structures and material • Microtubules- gives strength to the cell • Microfiliments-slender protein strand • Microvilli-absorption of extracellular fluid

  14. Membranous • Smooth ER- lipid and carbohydrate synthesis • Golgi apparatus-storage, alteration and package of secretory product and lysosomes • Lysosomes- intercellular removal of damaged organelles or of pathogens • Peroxisomes- neutralization of toxic compounds • Mitochondria- protein synthesis • Nucleus- control of metabolism; stores and processes genetic info. • Nucleolus- site of RNA synthesis • Endoplasmic Reticulum- synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport • Rough ER- secretory protein synthesis

  15. Energy within Cells

  16. Mitochondria Mitochondria How it preforms that… • Mitochondria is the power house of the cell, it makes and stores the “power” so the cell can function properly • * Metabolic enzymes - Protein-based substances that promote change in bodily cells… • The organelle has a double membrane; the first surrounds the entire cell, the second surrounds the inner which has many folds called cristae • Cristae increases the surface area exposed to the fluid contents, matrix • Matrix contains metabolic enzymes that perform the reactions that provide energy for cellular function

  17. Nucleus as control center

  18. Nucleus • The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope which separates it from the cytosol • Within the nuclear envelope are perinuclearspace • These allow the nucleus to receive information about conditions and activities in the cytosol

  19. Nucleoplasm • The nucleoplasm contains ions, enzymes, RNA and DNA nucleotides, proteins, small amounts of RNA and DNA • These DNA strands form a chromosome • These are then “read” by the nucleus controls by the process of “regulation of protein synthesis” • What is read from the chromosome, the nucleus then tells the cell what needs done and what to do

  20. Life Cycle

  21. Life Cycle • Life cycle- Go Phase, G1 Phase, S Phase, G2 Phase, Gm Phase, Mitosis

  22. Interphase • Go Phase- the cell has normal functions (indefinite time) • G1 Phase- the cell grows, duplicates its organelles, and preforms protein synthesis (8 or more hours) • S Phase- the cell’s DNA is replicated and synthesis’s its histones (6-8 hours) • G2 Phase- the cell undergoes protein synthesis’s (2-5 hours) • Gm Phase- where the cell undergoes mitosis

  23. Mitosis • Prophase (stage 1)- the nuclear envelope disappears • Metaphase (stage 2)- chromatids move through metaphase plate; microtubules of the spindle apparatuses attaches to each centromere • Anaphase (stage 3)- the chromatid pairs separate and the daughter chromosomes move toward the opposite ends to the cell • Teleophase (stage 4)- the nuclear membranes form, the nuclei enlarge, chromosomes gradually uncoil; once the chromosomes disappear, nucleoli reappear and the nuclei resemble those of the interphase cell

  24. Importance trans -membrane Potential

  25. Trans-membrane Potential • It measures the millivolts across the cell membrane for potential difference that could result from uneven distribution of the positive and negative ions across a cell membrane • A membrane enzyme called the sodium-potassium pump actively transports ions to compensate for the sodium and potassium leaks • This pump uses the energy of ATP to move sodium and potassium against their electrochemical gradients • The pump compensates for the sodium and potassium leaks, keeping the resting membrane potential at -70 millivolts

  26. How cells attach

  27. Methods of Attachment • Gap Junction- two cells are held together by an interlocking of membrane proteins, the result is a narrow passage way that lets small molecules and ions pass from cell to cell • Tight Junction- partial fusion of the lipid portions of the two cell membranes, providing mechanical strength, but blocking the water or solutes between cells • Intermediate Junction- the opposing cell membrane, while maintaining distinct, are held together by a thick layer of proteoglycans • Desmosomes- the opposing cell membranes reinforced by a network of intermediate filaments that lock the two together , a dense concentration of filament beneath the cell membrane at a desmosomes anchor it to the cytoskeleton • Junction Complex- when all types of junctions including desmosomes are together in one location

  28. Vocabulary

  29. Vocab. • Cytology- the study of the structure and function of cells • Transmission electron microscopy- show fine structures of cell membranes and intracellular structures • Scanning electron microscopy- where electrons bounce off exposed surfaces, creates 3D perspective • Extracellular fluid- a watery medium that is on the outside of cells • Cell membrane- outer boundary of the cell • Plasma membrane- another term for cell membrane • Phospholipid bilayer- a cell membrane • Peripheral proteins- attached to the inner membrane surface • Integral proteins- embedded in the membrane • Channels- formed by integral proteins the let water molecules, and other objects pass through it • Cytoplasm- A general term for the material inside of the cell

  30. Vocab. • Intermediate filaments- provides strength, support, and transports materials within the cytoplasm • Neurofilaments- found in nerve cells and provide structure and support • Thick Filaments- massive strand composed of myosin protein subunits • Microtubules- hollow tubes built from the globular proteins • Tubulin- globular protein • Microvilli- small finger-shaped projections of the cell membrane • Centrioles- is a cylindrical structure composed of short microtubules • Centrosome- cytoplasm surrounding • Cilia- contain nine pairs of microtubules surround a central pair

  31. Vocab. • Cytoplasm- A general term for the material inside of the cell • Cytosol- or intracellular fluid- dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble, and insoluble proteins and waste products. • Organelles- structures that perform specific functions within the cell • Inclusions- masses of insoluble materials • Non-membranous organelles- in contact with cytosol • Membranous Organelles- surrounded by lipid membranes that isolates them from the cytosol • Cytoskeleton- an internal protein framework the gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility • Microfilaments- slender proteins strands composed of the protein actin • Actin- a protein found in microfilaments • Myosin- a protein

  32. Vocab. • Basal Body- an anchored compact for cilia • Flagella- moves cells through the surrounding fluids • Ribosomes- small, dense structure that cannot be seen; they manufacture proteins • Free ribosome- one type of ribosome where its proteins scatter throughout the cytoplasm • Fixed ribosome- attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, its proteins enter here • Mitochondria- small organelle that have a double membrane; makes energy for the cell • Cristae- second inner membrane that contains numerous folds • Matrix- fluid contents of mitochondrion • Respiratory enzyme- produces most of the ATP generated from the mitochondrion • Nucleus- the control center for the cell • Nuclear envelope- surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytosol • Perinuclear space- a narrow passage within the nuclear envelope

  33. Vocab. • Nuclear pores- large pores that permit the movement of ions and small molecules,but too small for DNA • Nucleoplasm- fluid contents of the nucleus • Chromosomes- contain DNA strands • Histones- proteins that bind to DNA strands • Nucleosome- a structure that forms when DNA strands wind around histones • Chromatin- made when chromosomes tangle fine filaments • Endoplasmic reticulum- a network of intracellular membranes • Cisternae- formed by the endoplasmic reticulum; reservoir for water • Rough reticulum- where newly made synthetic proteins undergo chemical modification • Smooth reticulum- synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates

  34. Vocab. • Golgi apparatus- synthesis and packing, renewal or modification of the cell membrane • Transfer vesicles- how material moves from saccule to saccule • Secretory vesicles- vesicles that contain secretion that will be discharged • Lysosomes- vesicles filled with digestive enzymes; defense against disease • Endocytosis- the process of lysosomes in greater detail • Peroxisomes- smaller then lysosomes; absorb and neutralize toxins • Gated- regulate the passage of materials that travel through channels • Glycocalyx- protects cell membrane; function as receptors; keeps immune system from attacking body • Permeability- objects can pass through it • Impermeability- objects cannot pass through it • Freely permeable- object can pass through without any trouble is said to be • Selectively permeable- permits the passage of some materials

  35. Vocab. • Diffusion- net movement of material from an area where it’s concentrated from high to low • Concentration gradient- the difference between low and high concentration • Osmosis- the response to the difference in diffusion • Osmotic pressure- force of water movement • Hydrostatic pressure- when pressure is can prevent the entry of molecules • Osmotic concentration/osmolality- total solute concentration in a solution • Tonicity- used when describing osmotic concentration • Isotonic- same solute concentration low and high • Hypotonic- solution has a lower then the cytoplasm • Hemolysis- when a cell burst or explodes • Hypertonic-when concentration is higher than the cytoplasm

More Related