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ANCIENT ROME

ANCIENT ROME. ROMAN EARLY DAYS. GEOGRAPHY: -Rome- built on 7 rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River, in the middle of the Italian peninsula, near river and sea. MYTH:.

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ANCIENT ROME

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  1. ANCIENT ROME

  2. ROMAN EARLY DAYS • GEOGRAPHY:-Rome- built on 7 rolling hills at a curve on the Tiber River, in the middle of the Italian peninsula, near river and sea

  3. MYTH: • 753 BCE: Romulus and Remus: twins of the god Mars and a Latin Princess-Twins abandoned on Tiber River and raised by she-wolf-Twins built a city; Romulus killed Remus, City named ROME

  4. REALITY: • -Latins (the first Romans), Greeks, and Etruscans originally settled: 1000-500 BCE • -From 750-600 BCE the Italian villages were ruled by KINGS • -during this time, Romans lived in peace • -600 BCE- ETRUSCANSfrom N. Italy conquered Rome • -For 100 years Rome was ruled by Etruscan Kings

  5. LEGACIES OF ETRUSCANS: • -built city wall • -built first sewer system • -Alphabet • -Moved Rome from small farming town to CITY STATE!

  6. The Etruscans: • -Ordered the construction of Rome’s 1st temples, public centers. The most famous: The Roman Forum: the heart of Roman Political Life • -The last king of Rome: Tarquin the Proud • -driven from power in 509 BCE • -harsh tyrant • -Rome forms a REPUBLIC

  7. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC • -509 BCE- The Romans rebelled against the Etruscans and form a Republic. • -Republic: controlled by people, no king, citizens elect men to make laws: Only FREE-BORN MALE CITIZENS VOTED

  8. Two Types of People: • PATRICIANS: wealthy landowners • PLEBEIANS: common farmers, artisans, and merchants: Most of Rome. Could vote but not hold important government positions. • In time….Rome’s leaders allowed Plebeians to form an assembly and elect representatives called TRIBUNES: these protected Plebeians from unfair acts.

  9. TWELVE TABLES • -Important victory for Plebeians: Written Code of Laws • -Before, laws were interpreted by Patricians • -451 BCE: laws carved in stone and hung around Forum • -SIGNIFICANCE: all free citizens had a right to protection of the law!

  10. GOVERNMENT OF ROMAN REPUBLIC • LEGAL CODE: The Twelve Tables: a list of rules that was the basis of Roman Legal System • CITIZENSHIP: ALL ADULT MALE LANDOWNERS • In time of crisis, the republic could appoint a DICTATOR: a leader who had absolute power to make laws and command army. Only for 6 months, chosen by consuls and elected by senate.

  11. ROMAN MILITARY • -Great Importance placed on MILITARY! • -All those seeking public office must have spent 10 years in military! • -All citizens who owned land were to serve! • -Legions: large military units • -5,000 heavily armed foot soldiers (infantry) • -Group on horseback: (Cavalry) • -Century: legions were divided in units of 80 men

  12. THE PUNIC WARS • As a Republic: Rome has expanded its empire through trade and conquest. • RESULT: Rome and CARTHAGE, Rome’s greatest enemy: go to WAR! • PUNIC WARS: series of three wars from 264-146BCE! • SIGNIFICANCE OF WARS: • -By 70 BCE Rome controlled the West and East Mediterranean

  13. THE REPUBLIC COLLAPSES! • CAUSES: increasing wealth, expanding boundaries, discontent within the lower classes, and breakdown of military!

  14. EFFECTS: #1 ECONOMIC TURMOIL • -As the empire grew, so did the wealth of the elite • -1000s of enslaved peoples worked on estates of the rich • -100 BCE: 1/3 of population slaves • -Small farms cannot compete with estate ran by slaves • -Forced to sell land to rich: Unemployment • -Migrated to city: creating Urban Poor: 1/4 of population

  15. Economic cont… • Tiberius and Gauis Gracchus, 2 brothers, tried to help urban poor by asking for the elite’s estates to be limited in size. • “The savage beasts have their….dens…but the men who bear arms and expose their lives for the safety of their country, enjoy…nothing more than the air and the light…and wander from place to place with their wives and children.” Tiberius Gracchus

  16. Both brothers became enemies of the senate and met violent deaths. • RESULTS: CIVIL WAR between the rich and poor

  17. 2. MILITARY TURMOIL • -as Republic grew unstable, the military turned disloyal • -generals seized more power for themselves and recruited landless poor to fight for them promising land

  18. -these soldiers fought for their general, not Rome • RESULTS: • -It is now possible for a military leader to TAKE OVER by force, and…well……one did:

  19. JULIUS CAESAR 60-44 BCE • 60 BCE: Becomes military leader • -His team: Crassus (wealthy) and Pompey (general) • 59 BCE: Elected Consul: for next 10 years these 3 men DOMINATED Rome as a TRIUMVIRATE (group of 3 rulers)

  20. Served as Consul 1 year (term), to remain in power: • 58-50BCE: appoints himself governor of GAUL (France) • -A military genius, conquered all of Gaul, won support of his men

  21. Caesar cont. • Caesar gains popularity, Pompey gets jealous, becomes his rival! • Pompey gets senate to orders Caesar to disband and come home in 50 BCE. • Jan. 10, 49 BCE: Caesar defies Senate and crosses Rubicon River into Italy and marches army towards Rome. Pompey flees!

  22. Caesar’s troops crushed Pompey’s troops in Greece, Asia, Spain & Egypt (while there, had a little affair with Cleopatra)! • 46 BCE: Caesar returns to Rome with support of army and people. • Senate appoints him DICTATOR! • 44 BCE: named dictator for life

  23. CAESAR’S REFORMS • -absolute ruler • -granted citizenship to many in provinces • -expanded Senate • -Created jobs for poor (Construction) • -Created colonies for the landless • -increases soldier’s pay • -improved calendar • -pressed for “honest” government • -planned founding of public libraries • -gave free grain to extreme poor

  24. ASSASSINATION • -Senators feared a loss of their influence, considered him a tyrant • -group of Senators led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius plotted assassination • -IDES OF MARCH: March, 15, 44 BCE: stabbed to death in Senate Chamber

  25. RESULTS • -Civil War • -2nd Triumvirate: OCTAVIAN and MARC ANTONY and LEPIDUS

  26. OCTAVIAN TO AUGUSTUS • 2nd Triumvirate • Octavian, Marc Antony,Lepidus: • ALLIANCE ENDS: • Lepidus forced to retire • Octavian & Antony become rivals • Split empire: Octavian: West….Antony (w/ Cleopatra): East

  27. TENSION LEADS TO another CIVIL WAR: • Octavian accused Antony of plotting to rule all of Rome from Egypt with Cleopatra • Octavian and Antony fight: Battle of Actium 31 BCE • Octavian wins, Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide

  28. OCTAVIAN becomes: AUGUSTUS • 1st emperor of Rome • Glorified Rome • Civil workers (pulled from Plebeians or former slaves) hired to manage affairs of government such as tax collection and postal system: minimizes unemployment: but still a problem

  29. Senate still functioned, but Augustus has supreme power • Augustus, Rome’s most capable emperor, created a system of government that kept its stability long after his death

  30. ROMAN EMPIRE • PAX ROMANA: “Roman Peace” • Rome was at the peak of its power from the beginning of Augustus’ rule in 27 BCE until AD 180. • For 207 years: peace existed in Rome • Population grew: 60-80 million in empire, 1 million in Rome • Advanced road and aqueduct system

  31. COLOSSEUM • -The Name Colosseum comes from the Latin word meaning: GIGANTIC!! • BUILT: AD 72-82 • -Building began under Vespasian, opened by Titus, and completed by Domitian. • -CAPACITY: 45,000-50,000 people • -MATERIALS: Stone and concrete • -SIZE: 157 Feet high, 620 feet long • -80 entrances, central arena, elevators and ramps from the cells and animal cages • -Held events: GLADIATOR FIGHTS!!!

  32. GLADIATORS • Gladiators were slaves and freemen! Used for entertainment! • Emperors put of GAMES to appease their citizens and to show their power! • -Men and women both were gladiators! • -fought each other and wild animals: lions, tigers, elephants, hippos • -Many animal populations were severely hurt!

  33. PANTHEON • Built: 118-126 AD by Hadrian • -Roman Temple built to honor gods • -Built as a Roman Temple and later used as Catholic Church

  34. THE GOOD, THE BAD, THE UGLY-EMPERORS • Augustus Caesar – • First Roman Emperor • Julius Caesar’s adopted Son • Changed name from Octavian to Augustus – Augustus means “The Majestic” • Starts the Pax Romana – “Roman Peace” 27 BC to 180 AD • Under Pax Romana – the Empire is restructured

  35. Trade Improved • End of the Pirates and Bandits • Roads and Sea Lanes cleared for commerce • Creates Professional Civil Service • Creates Program of Public Works – “Bread and Circuses”

  36. THE GOOD • Trajan - • Born in Spain • Conquered Dacia – Romania – source of gold/Roman wealth into 2nd Century • Building Campaign throughout the Empire • Trajan’s Column • Extends Rome to its greatest extent

  37. Hadrian • Trajan’s cousin • Reformed the Civil Service • Suppressed Jewish Revolt • Continued Building Program of Trajan • Hadrian’s Wall – Northern Britain • Defended borders – Strengthened Frontiers

  38. Marcus Aurelius • Last of the “Five Good Emperors” • Followed Stoicism – Good is determined by the state of the soul • Therefore a virtuous life is VERY important • Disastrous Campaign – Army brings back a plague weakening Rome and Europe • Biggest mistake – chose his son to be the Emperor instead of someone qualified

  39. THE BAD • Caligula • Insane • Murdered Senators for their property and wives • Considered making his horse a Consul • Demanded to be worshipped as Jupiter

  40. Nero • Made Emperor when 15 years old • Murdered Wife and Mother • 64AD – FIRE IN ROME • Half the city destroyed • He blames Christians • Persecutions break out – Martyr of St. Peter and St. Paul • Rebellion in Gaul • Commits suicide when rebellion reaches Rome

  41. Commodus • More interested in the gladiatorial games then in running the empire • Once killed an ostrich in the arena and held up its head to the Senators • “to show us that he had the same fate in store for us” – Dio Cassius • Strangled by his wrestling partner

  42. THE UGLY • Vespasian • Crushed the Jewish Rebellion in Palestine • His son destroyed the city of Jerusalem and the Jewish Temple • Destroys remainder of rebellion at Masada – a hilltop fortress

  43. Three Unifying Elements that Preserved the Empire • Figure of the Emperor • Civil Servants and City Councils • The Army Disruptive Influence is the Praetorian Guard • Founded by Augustus • Begin interfering in politics in 41AD (Claudius)

  44. LANGUAGE AND LATIN • About ½ of the words in present-day English come from languages other than English! • Romance Languages: • -Languages that developed from Latin! • Romans spoke something called Vulgar Latin • Each area had its owe dialect: version of Latin • These dialects became separate languages • Such as: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian

  45. Germanic Languages • -Languages that came from Germanic Tribes • ENGLAND: although part of the Roman Empire, England developed its language from the Germanic Tribes that invaded them. • Germanic Languages: English, German, Polish, Russian, and Scandinavian dialects are just a few! • Americans speak a Germanic Language, not a Romance language.

  46. CHRISTIANITY • Anno Domini: “in the year of our lord” AD • Roman Empire spread to Jerusalem in 63 BC. Jews felt threatened: around 6 to 4 BC, Jews named Jesus their savior. • Christianity began with Jesus: Jesus of Nazareth • JESUS- a Jew, lived during the time of the Roman Emperor Augustus • born in Bethlehem, raised in Nazareth • His story: New Testament of the Bible called the GOSPELS written by a group of 12 men called the APOSTLES (his disciples or students)

  47. JESUS’ LIFE • -as a young man he was a carpenter • -at 30 he began public ministry • -for 3 years he preached and reportedly performed miracles

  48. BELIEFS • -monotheism • -Ten Commandments • -God has a personal relationship with everyone • -Good treatment to thy neighbor • -That all who followed God’s wishes would be rewarded after death • His teaching appealed to the poor. “Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth”

  49. THE DEATH OF JESUS • -Jesus’ popularity threaten Roman and Jewish leaders • -Roman governor, Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of defying the power of Rome • -Jesus sentenced to death by crucifixion • -After death, his body was placed in a tomb and according to the Gospels, 3 days later it was gone, and a living Jesus began appearing and finally ascended to heaven

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