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ETHICS

ETHICS. Normative Ethics. Descriptive Ethics. DEFINED: The study and philosophy of human conduct with emphasis on the determination of right and wrong. Metaethics.

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ETHICS

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  1. ETHICS Normative Ethics Descriptive Ethics DEFINED: The study and philosophy of human conduct with emphasis on the determination of right and wrong. Metaethics

  2. Normative Ethics: [often called philosophical ethics] search for norms, not in the sense of what is average, but in the sense of authoritative standards of what it “ought” to be. • Descriptive Ethics: empirically based, aims to discover and describe the moral beliefs of a specific culture. • Metaethics: the study of the discipline of ethics. It attempts to determine meanings of normative terms, e.g. right, wrong, good, bad, ought, etc.

  3. Normative Ethics – Major Theories • Consequentialist (Teleological) Maintains the morality of an action is determined by its consequences. Teleological theories interpret moral judgements as dependent on values and evaluation, hinging on value theory. Hedonism as a value theory says ONLY PLEASURE IS GOOD AS AN END.

  4. Utilitarianism is hedonistic because it interprets happiness as a balance of pleasure over pain. [John S. Mill] • Ideal (Social) Utilitarianism is nonhedonistic, maintaining that one ought to do that act of all acts available (under the circumstances) that would produce the most good. [G.E. Moore]

  5. Self-Realization (Perfectionism) is also nonhedonistic, holding that the ultimate end is the full development or perfection of the self. • Egoism is based on the idea that everyone always acts out of self-interest, i.e. an action is only right if it’s in the best interest of the person. • Situationism claims that morality of an action depends on the situation, not on application of law to the case.

  6. Nonconsequentialist (Deontological) • Deontological theories claim that the morality of an action depends on its intrinsic nature, on its motives, or on its being in accord with some rule or principle. • Theological (divine command) theory maintains that it’s the will of god that determines rightness/wrongness an action. Is it in accord with the will of God? [St. Augustine]

  7. Categorical Imperative: For morally right action, one must be willing to have everyone act in the same way, i.e. qualify as a universal law. [Immanuel Kant] Additionally, one’s actions can only have moral worth if one’s motive for acting was to do what is right. (no accidental moral worth allowed)

  8. Metaethics • Principle approaches in metaethics are: Naturalism, Cognitivism, Intuitionism, and Subjectivism

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