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TOLERANCE

ISTITUTO COMPRENSIVO DI GATTEO. REDISCOVER THE REAL EUROPEAN VALUES. TOLERANCE. MEANING OF TOLERANCE

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TOLERANCE

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  1. ISTITUTO COMPRENSIVO DIGATTEO REDISCOVERTHE REAL EUROPEAN VALUES TOLERANCE

  2. MEANING OF TOLERANCE The principleoftolerancerequiresrespectfordifferentpointsofview in ethics, politics and religion on the assumptionthatallopinions are entitledtocoexist in peace; itisnotrequiredtogive up ourbeliefs, theirdefence and theirdissemination, butonlyto do so withoutusingviolentdictates.

  3. RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE The matteroftolerancestartstobediscussedaround the XVIthcentury, a periodrich in eventsas The Reformation and the CounterReformation, the constitutionof the absolutiststates and the warsfor the Europeanpredominance. Othersreligionsthen the Catholicone are born and spread. After the ProtestantReformation the religiousintolerancetoward the newconfessionsleadstowars, persecutions and inquisitions. Thisshowshow the religioussphereis the first tobeinterested in the problemoftolerance. The greathumanistErasmusof Rotterdam (1469-1536) condemned the religiousintolerance and affirmed the pax fideiaspiration, the agreement to the faiths, recommending the practiceofimitationof the Gospel of Christ, a simple and immediate religion, available in comparison. Lutero e Calvino Erasmo da Rotterdam

  4. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT After the PeaceofWestphalia (1648) whichmarks the end of the ThirtyYears War, the last of the so calledreligiouswars in Europecomes back to the surface the issueofreligioustolerance. The needtopreserve the politicalorder and social peaceisfelt in spiteof the pluralityofreligions. In the AgeofEnlightenment, thanksto the philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) and the famous “A LetterconcerningToleration” the battleforreligioustoleranceisextendedto more generalproblemslikefreedomofthought and conscience. John Locke

  5. JEAN-BAPTISTE VOLTAIRE The Frenchphilosopher Voltaire (1694-1778) isanothergreat pillar in defenceof the principleoftolerance. Hewrote the “Treatise on Tolerance”, published in 1763, followingto the unequalsentencingtodeathof a Protestant, decidedby the judgesofToulouse, under the impulseof a blindreligiousfanaticism. More thantwohundredyearsafter Voltaire’s words sound stillalive and current: “Thou, O God, youdidn’t giveus a hearttohate or handstokillmutually. Let’s us help eachother and the smalldifferencesbetweenourclothes, languages, customs, includingallourimperfectslaws, so differentfromeachother, and so equal in frontofyou, are not the bug ofhatred and persecution”.

  6. THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURY In thesecenturies the principleofreligious, political and cultural tolerancebecomes a factoruniversallyrecognized and variouslyfixed in treaties and internationalpositions. The liberalpoliticalthoughtof the nineteenthcenturyelaborates the modelof “ruleollaw” intendedtogive the fundamentalimpressiontodemocraticpoliticalinstitutionsof the West throughout the twentiethcentury. Tolerancefreesitself more and more on religioudissues and actsas a bulwarkof the right tofreedomof opinion and ensures the democraticprocessofdifferentideolagicalpositions.

  7. PERSECUTION OF THE JEWISH RACE Unfortunately, in the XXIthcenturyintolerancehasnotdisappeared; in contemporary reality sometimescomes back with the face ofpoliticalfanaticism, just asblindreligiousfanaticism, asitisprovedby the persecutionwroughtbytotalitarianregimes. During the Second World War the Nazi powerofAdolph Hitler carried out the terrible genocide of the Jewish race. In Italy, during the Fascistdictatorship, begins the repressionofanyreligious and ethnicdiversity and, especially, the persecutionof the Jewswith the implementation, in 1938, of the first raciallaws and measuresfor the defenceof the Aryan race, by Benito Mussolini. Itincreases in the followingyearsbyreducing the freedomof the Jews, till the order, in 1943, tointernthem in concentrationcamps and confiscate theirproperties.

  8. SOLIDARITY OF ITALIAN PEOPLE ManyItalians, however, risquingtheirownlives, helpedpersecutedJews, housingthemin theirhomes or helpingthemto cross the borderto take refuge in neutralcountries. In Italy, are officially more than 400 people honoredby the titleofRighteousAmong the Nationsfortheirefforts in favourofpersecutedJewsduring the Holocaust. The small community ofCotignola, near Ravenna, distinguisheditselfforrescuingJewsduringtharacialpersecution. Cotignolaisperhaps the onlyone in Italy, on 8000 municipalities, whereall the administrativestructure, under the guidanceof the PrefecturalCommissioner Victor ZanziorganizedsalvationofJews, partisans and deported people byprovidingthemwith false documents and hospitality. The nameofZanziishonored in the Gardensof the Righteous in Israel.

  9. THE WALDENSIANMOVEMENT During the Nazioccupationof North Italy in the Second World War, ItalianWaldensianswereactive in savingJewsfacedwithimminentextermination, hidingmanyofthem in the same mountain valleywheretheirownWaldensianancestorshadfoundrefuge in earliergenerations.[ From the Middle Ages, when he was born, the Waldensian movement, had been subject to repression and persecution, because considered heretical. In fact, its founder, Valdo was a strong religious personality, a merchant from Lyon (France), who gave up his trade to live in poverty and in meditation the Christian faiths in its primitive purity, like Francis, the poor man of Assisi. The Waldenses joined the Protestant Reformation in 1532 organizing communities and survived several massacres, but living marginalized as Jews in the ghetto. Their civil and political rights were recognized by the edict promulgated by Charles Albert on 17th February 1848; the largest Waldensian community lies around Pinerolo, in the valleys of Piemonte. .

  10. CONSTITUTION OF THEITALIAN REPUBLIC (1948) • Article2The Republic recognizes and guarantees the inviolablehumanrights, beitasanindividual or in social groupsexpressingtheirpersonality, and itensures the performance of the unalterable duty topolitical, economic, and social solidarity. Allcitizenshaveequal social status and are equalbefore the law, withoutregardtotheir sex, race, language, religion, politicalopinions, and personal or social conditions. • Article3 Itis the duty of the Republic toremovealleconomic and social obstaclesthat, bylimiting the freedom and equalityofcitizens, prevent full individualdevelopment and the participationofallworkers in the political, economic, and social organizationof the country. • Article6 The Republic protectslinguisticminoritiesbyspeciallaws • Article8 Religiousdenominations are equally free before the law. Denominationsotherthancatholicismhave the right toorganizethemselvesaccordingtotheirownby-laws, providedthey do notconflictwith the Italianlegal system.

  11. TOLERANCE NOWADAYS The mostimportant challenge thatwe face in recentyearsiscertainly the abilitytocarry out the processofintegrationwithothercultureswhichbelongs a growingnumberof people fromothercountries in searchof work and betterconditionsof life. In Italy, in particular, occured in the last twoyears a massive flow ofmigrantsfrom North africa in revolt, whichforced the Italiangovernmentto deal withemergencysituations, with a great deal ofdifficulty. Yet, the Italiangovernmenthasalwaysprovided a first welcome toimmigrants, helping people often come to the end ofhisstrenght, and savinglivesaftermovinghallucinating. The inhabitantsof a tinyItalianisland, Lampedusa, become the frontlineforAfricanmigrantslookingforbetter life in Europe, wasextremelygenerous, providingfood and blanketstothesedesperate people. Sicily, in particular, was in the past, a landofemigrationforitspoor living conditions and the Siciliansdidn’t forgetit.

  12. THE HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL DAY On 20 thJuly 2000, the ItalianParliamentintroduced, byLaw2011, the HolocaustMemorialDay, so adheringto the internationalproposaltodeclareJanuary the 27 th (date of opening the gatesof Auschwitz) as a daycommemorating the victimsof the Shoah operatedby the Nazis and Fascist, and in honorofallthosewhoriskedtheirlivesbyprotecting the persecuted. The warningisthat the Shoa isvalidforallhumanity, and fromitcomes the imperative: wemustknowwhatitwas, becausewemustnotletthathappenagain. The horror ofwhathappenedduring the Second World War is the base of the foundationof a Europefocused on the valuesofrespectforhumanrights and dignityofeveryperson. And startingfrom the Shoah waspromulgated in 1948 by the UnitedNations the “Universal DeclarationofHumanRights”, whose first article, “Allhumanbeings are born free and equal in dignity and race”, itis the significantfoundation.

  13. THE FUTURE OF TOLERANCE The idealoftoleranceisnotanaccomplishment, evenifitistruethat a great progress hasbeenmade. Eachofushastochangethingsfromeverydaylie and personal example. Tolerancemustbebuiltdaybyday. Itisalsoimportantto educate the news generationstobetolerantfromanearlyage, trough a collaborationbetweenschool and family. Indeed, weshould go beyondtolerance. Thisterm, in fact, hasinsipt a conceptnotentirelyacceptable, because “tolerate” etymologicallymeans “bear”. Weneedthen take a deeper and humanconception: respectfordifferences and appreciationofeachofthemfor a mutualenrichment.

  14. THE END

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