Dr. Brett Roe Central Queensland University Plant Sciences Group Queensland, Australia

1. Linkages of Aquaculture - Wetlands - Hydroponics & Industrial Wastewater in Central Queensland (Australia) Dr. Brett Roe Central Queensland University Plant Sciences Group Queensland, Australia breadfish@meee.com.au

2. Project Location: Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia Queensland City of Rockhampton Location: - 23 24' S lat. 150 30' E log. Mean annual precipitation: 614 mm Mean annual evaporation: 2243 mm (1992 - 2002) AUSTRALIA

3. Depleted and degraded freshwater supply is the greatest threat currently facing Central Queensland.

4. Integrate regional water based industry, agribusiness, and ecology for multiple societal benefit.

5. Aquaculture Constructed wetlands Floral hydroponics Power station wastewater

6. Integrated Aquaculture and Constructed Wetlands

7. Wetland Services • Biodiversity • Carbon dioxide sequestration and cycling • Soil and nutrient retention • Direct or indirect water supply • Wetland products / tourism / • education • In-line and discharge water quality control • Secondary crop and / or in situ feed production • Minimal skilled / non-skilled labor • Minimal energy to sustain • One time investment – long operating life Aquaculture + (RAMSAR, 1996) Constructed Wetlands ?

8. Red claw (Cherax quadricarinatus) Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) Schoenoplectus validus Baumea articulata

9. SYSTEM DESIGN

10. Physical - Hydrological Frameworks Water Input Barramundi Pilot Scale Integration Rose Hydroponics Red claw Wetlands discharge / reuse

11. RESULTS Animal and Plant Growth

13. Barramundi SGR measured at the high end of published SRGs for barramundi cultured commercially in ponds and cages  Barramundi feeding rate measured near the lower end of published feeding rates for fish cultured in integrated wetland systems, but high for commercial barramundi systems.  Barramundi FCRs were very efficient when compared to barramundi cultured commercially, and when compared to fish culture in integrated wetland systems,  Barramundi culture density (with respect to culture wetland surface area) was at least 6 times greater than fish culture densities reported for all other integrated wetland systems

15.  Red claw SGRs measured at the low end (less efficient) of published SGR values for direct-fed pond cultured red claw. • Red claw SGRs and survival rates measured at the high end of published SGRs where red claw had been cultured with fish in non-wetland systems. • Red claw culture densities were similar to those reported in crayfish poly-culture systems

16. 2001 2003

17. Nutrient Water Quality

18. Source Trial 1 Trial 2 2001 2002

19. Trial 1 Trial 2 2001 2002

20. MASS BALANCE

21. + 103 % + 4 % + 1 % Fish sequestered 44 % feed nitrogen Crayfish indirectly sequestered 3 % nitrogen

22. + 101 % + 4 % + 3 % Fish sequestered 50 % feed bound phosphorus Crayfish indirectly sequestered 3 % phosphorus

23. + 425 % + 1461 % + 1451 % + 433 % + 10 % + 8 %

24. + 83 % + 83 % + 12 % + 12 % - 5 % - 5 %

25. Biodiversity

28. Experiment Conclusion The integrated aquaculture / wetland system…... ● produced three healthy and efficient fish and crayfish harvests ● able to support red claw in a niche habitat, without direct feed inputs ● maintained culture quality water without added resource inputs ● supported local biodiversity Polishing wetland effluent total nitrogen and total phosphorus remained below ANZECC trigger levels roughly 40 % of the time. Baumea articulata plants have advantages over Schoenoplectus validus plants.…... ● Biomass production ● Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus sequestration ● canopy shade ● frog density

29. Experiment 2 Integrated Floral Hydroponics - Power Station Wastewater - Aquaculture Wastewater Trials 1-3

30. Leonora Christine • German hybrid tea rose • Robust, long stemmed, repeat flowering, insect resistant, highly fragrant, large red flowers.

32. Physical - Hydrological Frameworks Power station wastewater (trial 1) Aquaculture wastewater (trial 2) Pilot Integration Rose Hydroponics Evaporation Pond Discharge

33. Trial 1 : Power Station Wastewater - Results

34. Trial 2 : Aquaculture Wastewater - Results

35. Trial 3 Inter-linkage Power Station Wastewater Multi-Benefit Services • Biodiversity • Carbon sequestration and cycling • Soil and nutrient retention • Direct or indirect water supply • Wetland products / tourism / • education • Water quality enhancement • Secondary crop production • Minimal skilled / non-skilled labor • One time investment Aquaculture + Constructed Wetlands • Wastewater re-use • Floral products Floral Hydroponics

36. Trial 3 Power Station + Aquaculture Wastewater - Results

37. Experiment Conclusion Hydroponic rose culture supported by power station wastewater, aquaculture wastewater, and combined power station / aquaculture wastewater are a viable re-use options as flower growth and quality is not impacted.

38. The Model

40. Seminar Conclusion

41. Experiments completed suggest that…. • Re-use of water and wastewater can better support the needs of industrial, agribusiness, and environmental community sectors if integration methods are employed. • Wetlands are well suited for integration with aquaculture. • Floral hydroponics is a viable wastewater re-use option.

42. Linkages of Aquaculture - Wetlands - Hydroponics & Industrial Wastewater in Central Queensland (Australia) Dr. Brett Roe Central Queensland University Plant Sciences Group Queensland, Australia breadfish@meee.com.au

47. Specific growth rate (SGR is relative growth rate (RGR) multiplied by 100): SGR = RGR x 100 where RGR = [(lnWt – lnW0) / t] Wt = fish fresh weight (g) at harvest; W0 = fish fresh weight (g) at stocking; t = time. nitric acid digestion (Tecator digester block) followed by analyses with an Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission System (ICP-OES) against external calibratio