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IRELAND. Land, People and History. Geography, Land and Environment. “ Ireland ”– different meanings Northern Ireland (Ulster) – part of the UK the Republic of Ireland (Eire) – independent nation Location, size, climate, geographical elevations, flora and fauna “ Emerald Isle ”
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IRELAND Land, People and History
Geography, Land and Environment • “Ireland”– different meanings Northern Ireland (Ulster) – part of the UK the Republic of Ireland (Eire) – independent nation • Location, size, climate, geographical elevations, flora and fauna • “Emerald Isle” • Environmental issues
Geographical features: mostly level to rolling interior plain surrounded by rugged hill and low mountains; sea cliffs on west coast • Climate: temperate maritime
Macgillicuddy's Reeks Located in southwest Ireland, the mountain range known as Macgillicuddy’s Reeks holds the highest peaks in the country. In the northeast, the mountains loom over the picturesque Lakes of Killarney.
Lough Leane, Ireland In southwestern Ireland lie the three Lakes of Killarney. This popular resort area is close to the town of Killarney, in mountainous County Kerry. The largest of the lakes, Lough Leane, shown here, along with Muckross Lake and Upper Lake comprise part of the national park.
Moher Cliffs, Western Ireland The spectacular sea cliffs of Moher on Ireland’s western coast rise to more than 200 m (600 ft) above the Atlantic Ocean. The cliffs provide habitat for many kinds of seabirds.
Capital: Dublin Dublin, Republic of Ireland Dublin figures prominently in Irish history, having been under Danish and British control before suffering through some of the most brutal battles of the Irish rebellion and revolution in the early 20th century. The Liffey River, shown here, flows through the city, now the capital of the Republic of Ireland. The old section of the city is situated on the river’s southern bank and features the Four Courts building, center. The 18th-century building is the seat of the republic’s high courts.
Population • The Great Famine • Emigration • present population situation a complex society with a distinctive culture
History • Prehistory middle Stone Age— earliest settlers (hunters) new Stone Age—farmers Bronze Age (2000BC)—prospectors and metalworkers (1200BC)(sophisticated weapons &artifacts)
Traditional Irish Farmhouse This house sits on the water in Inishmaan, one of the Aran Islands located off the western coast of Ireland. Known for the maintenance of their Gaelic traditions, the rugged fishing villages of the Aran Islands have remained, in many ways, unchanged over the centuries. Many inhabitants still speak Gaelic, adhere to their folk culture, and fish using the traditional methods of their ancestors.
The Celts Invasion of the Celts warrior culture most long-lasting influence: the language (Irish) social and cultural unity of the island the Brehon law (stressing family group) social stratification
Learning Gaelic Young students prepare to answer questions at Moy School in Lahinch, Ireland, where most subjects are taught in Irish Gaelic. Gaelic language schools have contributed to a minor revival of Irish Gaelic, a once-widespread Celtic tongue that is now spoken by less than 20 percent of the Irish population.
The Coming of Christianity Saint Patrick monastery and Irish monks Irish influence on Britain and Europe
The Middle Ages Viking Raids in the 9th and 10th centuries trading developed, major towns formed period of progress in the 11th and 12th centuries: arts, religious reforms, strong centralized monarchy Norman Invasion in 1167-1169 English king in Ireland from 1171 centralized administration following England cultural identity maintained
Early Modern Period English monarchs’ reconquest —against Gaelic Irish and Anglo-Norman lords promotion of Protestantism in Ireland resisted
The 18th Century Roman Catholics’ attempts to regain English throne—a severe code of penal legislation independent Irish parliament inspirations from the French Revolution reforms and repression
Modern Ireland no parliament from 1801 Irish Potato Famine 1845-1848 struggles for Home Rule
Irish leaders: Isaac Butt—Home Rule Michael Davitt—National Land League Charles Stuart Parnell —Home Rule party Arthur Griffith —Sinn Fein Patrick Pearse —Irish Volunteers James Connolly —Irish Citizen Army
Arthur Griffith In 1902 Irish journalist Arthur Griffith founded a group that later became the nucleus of the Irish nationalist society Sinn Fein (“we ourselves”). Griffith negotiated the treaty partitioning Ireland into Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland, formerly Éire.
Damage from Easter Rebellion Irish rebels occupied the post office, left, and other buildings during the 1916 Easter Rebellion in Dublin, Ireland. During the week-long armed uprising, which demanded an end to British rule in Ireland, some 200 buildings were destroyed and many British soldiers and Irish fighters were wounded.
The Easter Rising of 1916 • The War of Independence • The Anglo-Irish Treaty • Irish Free State
