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Lecture No 29

Lecture No 29. Public Policy & Environmental Management System. Public Policy: Leadership for Analysis and Change. Policy Defined:.

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Lecture No 29

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  1. Lecture No 29 Public Policy & Environmental Management System

  2. Public Policy: Leadership for Analysis and Change

  3. Policy Defined: • “Public policy is the dynamic and value laden process through which a political system handles a public problem. It includes a government’s expressed intentions and official enactments as well as its consistent patterns of activity and inactivity.” (Fowler, 2000)

  4. Organizational Influences • Change • Leadership • Decision Making • The Role of Politics • Finances • Media • Technology • Other Variables

  5. Historical Viewpoints • 1. Policy information • 2. Policy deliberation • 3. Organization of policy support • 4. Authoritative consideration • 5. Policy promulgation • 6. Policy effectuation • Agger, Goldrich & Swanson (1964)

  6. Historical Viewpoints • An educational system is administered within a complex power structure. The typical governing board does not exercise final authority over educational policies. In reality it exercises power only to the extent that it can legitimize its decisions (make them acceptable) in the political system.” -Kimbrough (1964)

  7. Contemporary Views • Case for Change (what is the cost of not changing?) • Vision Clarity (is there a common image and understanding?) • Change Leaders (those with power and authority to legitimize the change) • Individual Commitment (how will the natural resistance to change in developing/implementing new policies be overcome?) • Change Guides (who are the individuals with the responsibilities for guiding the planning and implementation of the change?)

  8. Contemporary Views • Cultural Alignment (to what extent is there a fit between the school or organization’s culture and the values inherent in the change?) • Infrastructure Support (to what extent do the system’s policies, procedures, functions, and structures support the proposed change?) • Environmental Awareness (what factors outside the realm of the proposed change can negatively affect the initiative?) • Implementation Plan (what are the specifics of moving toward the vision: goals and objectives, timelines, personnel assignments, communications procedures, accountability system, etc.?)

  9. Policy Challenges • “A good scientist is a person with original ideas. A good engineer is a person who makes a design that works. There are no prima donnas in engineering.” • -Freeman Dyson • “Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” • -Albert Einstein

  10. Policy Implementation = Change • “I’m increasingly persuaded that schools that go slow and do a little at a time end up doing so little that they succeed only in upsetting everything without accruing the benefits of change.” • (Sizer, 1992)

  11. Policy Implementation = Change • “It is not the pace of change that is the culprit, it is the piecemealness and fragmentation that wears us down.” • (Fullan, 2003)

  12. Policy Implementation = Change • “The significant problems we face cannot be solved by the same level of thinking that created them.” • Albert Einstein

  13. Due process does not, unfortunately, put more bread on the table; government can set benefits at whatever level it wants. What due process puts on the table is a thick manual of rules designed to ensure uniformity and procedural regularity. Paternalism is replaced with bloodless formalism. People in need get lists of law. --Howard, 1994

  14. Collaboration An unnatural act committed by unconsenting and unwilling adults despite their mutually benefiting goals.

  15. Policy and School Reform • Market-based School Reform • Choice and Competition • Investment Opportunities • Education Management Organizations • Contracting versus Privatization • Standards-based School Reform • State Adopted & Mandated Standards • Implementation and Accountability from Local Districts • Unintended Consequences on Students, Curriculum, Instruction, Organizations

  16. Policy and School Reform • Market-based School Reform • Choice and Competition • Investment Opportunities • Education Management Organizations • Contracting versus Privatization • Standards-based School Reform • State Adopted & Mandated Standards • Implementation and Accountability from Local Districts • Unintended Consequences on Students, Curriculum, Instruction, Organizations

  17. Policy and School Reform • Whole-school Reform • Increasing School Autonomy • Support for School Leaders • National Models (www.aasa.org/Reform/index.htm) • Teacher Education and School Reform • National Network for Educational Renewal • American Council on Education

  18. Strategic Perspectives • “I would have finished this by now, but I had help.” • (H. Rude, 1992) • Single parent of four children ages 8, 3, 3, and 3.

  19. “Sometimes we go slow to go fast.”

  20. Policy is not based on research. Policy is based on values. Research challenges us to question; tests us to change. Barbara Keogh, 1992

  21. Some lessons we’ve learned • 1. Give up the idea that the pace of change will slow down • 2. Coherence making is a never-ending proposition and is everyone’s responsibility • 3. Changing context is the focus • 4. Premature clarity is a dangerous thing

  22. Some lessons we’ve learned • 5. The public’s thirst for transparency is irreversible • 6. You can’t get large-scale reform through bottom-up strategies—beware of the trap • 7. Mobilize the social attractors—moral purpose, quality relationships, quality knowledge • 8. Charismatic leadership is negatively associated with sustainability (Fullan, 2003)

  23. “If you’re not hopelessly confused, you’re out of touch! If you are hopelessly confused, then you have one choice—try stuff.” • Embracing Chaos, 1993

  24. What Is an Environmental Management System (EMS)? • EMS is the combination of people, laws, legislations, policies, procedures, reviews, and plans to help address environmental issues. • EMS is that part of an overall management systemwhich includes: • Organizational structure and responsibilities, • Policies and legislations • practices, • Procedures, • Resources, • Planning activities, • Awareness

  25. Purpose of EMS EMS brings together people, laws, policies, plans, review mechanisms, and procedures in order to improve and protect the environment.

  26. Benefits of an EMS • Helps maintain compliance • Integrate environmental programs • Reduce environmental impacts

  27. The EMS Plan, Do, Check, Act Cycle Environmental Legal and Institutional Framework Management Review Continuous Improvement • Planning • Environmental Aspects • Compliance • Objectives and Targets • Environmental Mgmt. Programs • Checking/ • Corrective Actions • Measurement and Monitoring • EMS Nonconformance and Corrective Actions • Records • EMS Audits • Implementation • Roles and Responsibilities • Training and Communication • EMS Document Control • Emergency Preparedness and Response

  28. Environmental Legal and Institutional Framework Legal Aspects Laws Bylaws Policies Institutional Aspects Institutional Structure Responsibilities Institutional Interface

  29. Types of law • The Constitution • Specialized Laws • Principles and regulations established in a community by some authority and applicable to its people, whether in the form of legislation or of custom and policies recognized and enforced by judicial decision. • Bylaws • The rules and regulations enacted by an association to provide a framework for its operation and management.

  30. The law making process • Drafting the law from the relevant ministry • e.g. Ministry of Environment, Water Authority • First reading at the legislative council • Introducing a bill • Second reading (general debate) • Committee Stage (detailed discussions) • Report Stage (Report of committee, amendment) • Third reading (vote on amendments) • Legislative council approval • Presidential Decree

  31. The objectives of the Environmental law Protection of the environment against all forms and types of pollution; Protection of Public health and welfare; Insertion of the bases of environmental protection in social and economic development plans; and encouragement of sustainable development of vital resources in a manner that preserves the rights of future generations; Protection of bio-diversity and environmentally sensitive areas, as well as improvement of environmentally harmed areas; Encouragement of collection and publication of environment-related information to raise public awareness of environmental problems.

  32. Environmental Policies • Environmental policiesare rules or guidelines developed by governments to regulate behavior of individuals, corporations, and government agencies.

  33. Six steps to making environmental policy Identify Problems 1 • Requires curiosity, observation, awareness

  34. Six steps to making environmental policy Identify Specific causes of the Problems 2 • Involves scientific research and • Risk assessment = judging risks a problem poses to health or the environment

  35. Six steps to making environmental policy Get Organized 3 • Organizations are more effective than individuals • But a motivated, informed individual can also succeed

  36. Six steps to making environmental policy Set Goals 4 • Risk management = developing strategies to minimize risk • Involves social or political action

  37. Six steps to making environmental policy Cultivate access and influence 5 • Lobbying • Political Support • Public acceptance

  38. Six steps to making environmental policy Manage Development policy 6 • Prepare a draft policy, containing solutions • Following a law’s endorsement • Administrative agencies implement regulations • Policymakers evaluate the policy’s successes or failures • The judicial branch interprets the law

  39. Policy, Law, Bylaw ? • A policy is typically described as a principle or rule to guide decisions • A Policy can be considered as a "Statement of Intent" or a "Commitment". • The term may apply to government, private sector organizations and groups, and individuals. • Policy differs from law. While law can compel or prohibit behaviors, policy merely guides actions toward those that are most likely to achieve a desired outcome. • Bylaw can refer to a law of local or limited application, passed under the authority of a higher law specifying what things may be regulated, or it can refer to the internal rules of a company or organization.

  40. International law • International law arises from conventions or treaties agreed to among nations. • (e.g., Montreal Protocol to protect ozone layer) • International law serve as the principal framework for international co-operation and collaboration between members of the international community in their efforts to protect the local, regional and global environment.

  41. Thank You

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