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Economics of The European 2020 Climate Goals

Economics of The European 2020 Climate Goals. Torben K. Mideksa Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo [CICERO] April 18, 2009 The 18th Ph.D. Student Workshop on International Climate Policy Columbia University New York . Motivation.

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Economics of The European 2020 Climate Goals

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  1. Economics of The European 2020 Climate Goals Torben K. Mideksa Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo [CICERO] April 18, 2009 The 18th Ph.D. Student Workshop on International Climate Policy Columbia University New York

  2. Motivation “Europe showed … global leadership: • to tackle climate change, • to face up to the challenge of secure, sustainable and competitive energy, and • to make the European economy a model for sustainable development in the 21st century” by setting a legally binding goal of emission reduction by 2020. Targets for 2020 • At least 20% reduction in GHG • Raising the share of renewable in energy consumption to 20% • Saving 20% of energy consumption through energy efficiency Beyond 2020 : “Galvanizing the potential for deeper cuts in emissions … to meet the target of halving global emissions by 2050” through • Stimulating technological development • Promoting a comprehensive international agreement

  3. Two central questions • How are we going meet the targets for the 2020? • How would meeting these targets pave the way to the ultimate destination?

  4. Meeting the near term targets? • What is the regional and sectoral distribution of abatement if emissions are reduced cost effectively? • What derives major abatement? Is it due to • fuel switching? • efficiency improvements? or • structural adjustments? • What is the cost of meeting these targets? • In terms of ‘welfare cost’ • In terms of carbon price & value of permits • In terms of price of goods

  5. Framework of analysis • Recursively dynamic global general equilibrium model[GRACE] based on the GTAP database • 10 European Regions, Developed, and Developing Regions. • 19 sectors • Disaggregated European Electricity Supply sector, using bottom-up information, into Coal, Natural Gas, Oil, Nuclear Hydro, and Other Renewable • Sectoral capital mobility within generating technologies • Set of climate policy scenarios

  6. Climate Policy Scenarios Assumptions common to all scenarios Economic Growth 2% in developed regions & 4% in the ROW Maximum capacity expansion for hydro in each country 10%(2010) and 20%(2020) Maximum capacity expansion for nuke in each country 10%(2010) and 20%(2020) but constant in the case of Germany. SCENARIO-1[BAU]: No climate policy SCENARIO-2[Ideal]: A cost effective 20% abatement SCENARIO-3[Ideal&20%]: [Ideal] and 20% share of renewable SCENARIO-4[Realistic]: Final compromise of 31.12. 2008

  7. Result:The BAU sectoral share of emissions

  8. Result: Sectorwise Distribution of Abatement

  9. What derives major abatement?[1]

  10. What is the nature of fuel substitution?[2]

  11. Result [2]:What is the costs of meeting the targets? • Permits trade and inter country resource flow[?] • The welfare cost of environmental improvement • Changes in the price of the product that derives major abatement

  12. Economic Activity of the carbon market: Permit Revenue (2001 $bn)

  13. The Cost of Environmental Improvement

  14. Changes in Electricity Price Relative to the BAU

  15. Summary so far In the strategy of meeting targets of cost effective emission reduction goal by 2020, the electricity sectors plays major role. The abatement in the electricity sector is achieved partly by switching to other fuels, and partly by expanding production in the renewable energy sector. The cost of meeting the target is moderate Welfare cost of: -0,84 % Average change in the price of electricity: 30% Moderate cost solution characterized by Substitution within fossil fuels Substitution to non-revolutionary renewable Energy efficiency improvements in transport

  16. What are the Implications for Long term Goals? • Carbon leakage • Effective global agreement • Stimulating cleaner energy technology • Far reaching technological progress • Credible source of deeper emission cut • Broader participation (Especially Developing Countries)

  17. Carbon Leakage

  18. Implication for Technological Progress? • Cost effective driven solution results in gas dependency • Cap and trade supplemented by renewable support (cross subsidies) yields • Low emission prices • Low electricity prices • Low prices and gas dependency are unlikely to send sufficient signal to innovators of far reaching, perhaps radical technological progress in generation of clean energy

  19. Taking Stock • Meeting European climate goals for 2020 is possible • The electricity and transport sectors derive major abatement mainly through fuel switching and efficiency improvements • The cost is moderate compared to many regulations. • But due to lower changes in prices, gas dependency and sizable leakage, the implications for global climate agreement and far reaching technological progress are seems weak.

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