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EGYPT: The Gift of Nile Land of Pharaohs and Pyramids

EGYPT: The Gift of Nile Land of Pharaohs and Pyramids. The Nile River. Fed by two tributaries: The Blue Nile and the Atbara or the White Nile Flooding begins late July reaching its peak in August September Flood waters recede in October-November Why is this a big deal???

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EGYPT: The Gift of Nile Land of Pharaohs and Pyramids

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  1. EGYPT: The Gift of NileLand of Pharaohs and Pyramids

  2. The Nile River • Fed by two tributaries: The Blue Nile and the Atbara or the White Nile • Flooding begins late July reaching its peak in August September • Flood waters recede in October-November • Why is this a big deal??? • Makes Farming a breeze! • River flows to the North, winds blow to the South! • Transportation EASY! Source of the Blue Nile in Ethiopia (above), and the source of the White Nile, Lake Victoria (below) Annual fertilization! Easy Irrigation!

  3. Lower Egypt The Nile Delta Upper Egypt NILE: the Great Highway

  4. Egypt: Chronology Predynastic period (5000-2700 B.C.) Old Kingdom (2700-2200 B.C.) 1st Intermediate Period Middle Kingdom (2052-1786 B.C.) 2nd Intermediate Period New Kingdom (1575-1087 B.C.) Third Intermediate Period

  5. Gebel al-Arak Knife • theme of hero subduing 2 wild animals • parallels with Uruk period Mesopotamia

  6. Naqada Region and Royal Tombs at Abydos Abydos

  7. HedjetDeshretPschentWhite Red CombinedUpper Egypt Lower Egypt Upper and Lower Egypt

  8. Earliest Writing • earliest evidence c. 3400 BC • difficulties in translation • appear on labels and jars to identify goods commodities and on royal • commemorative art Earliest known ivory labels, Tomb of King Scorpion, Abydos, 34-3200 BC

  9. “sacred images” Old, Middle and Late Egyptian pictographs and phonetic signs totaling about 700 Hieroglyphics

  10. Ma’at • Meant “truth” “right behavior “ “ correct balance” • Pharaoh had absolute power and rule according to ma’at • justice, moral righteousness • responsibility of the King that order prevailed in the universe • responsible for changes in seasons and most importantly, annual flooding of the Nile • symbolized as a feather

  11. Old Kingdom • long, unbroken period of prosperity – 432 years • “The Pyramid Age” • Egypt at its cultural Zenith • Cultural/ Religious source of Kings power fully established • “Divine Right Mandate”

  12. First Pyramid: Step Pyramid of Djoser • King Djoser had access to a vast workforce • Evolution from the regular tomb – seen in the various stages of construction • It was one big experiment • 200 000 tons of stone used to make addition tiers • Final facing of limestone

  13. (The real one) Imhotep • Egyptian Leonardo da Vinci - genius inventor • "the one that comes in peace" • “Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt” • “First After the King of Upper Egypt” • “Administrator of the Great Palace” • “High Priest of Heliopolis”

  14. King Sneferu built 3 pyramids popular, good-natured king deified by later rulers Pyramid experimentation Maidum Pyramid Bent Pyramid Red Pyramid

  15. The GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS 2 300 000 blocks of stone Height of 145.75m would weigh approx. 6 000 000 tons

  16. Estimated 36 000 workmen to build the Pyramid taking 20 years

  17. Giza’s Workman’s Village We have texts that talk of the workers who built the pyramids (sorry people, not aliens!) Paperwork discussing salaries paid Food subsidies etc WE HAVE THE VILLAGES WHERE THEY LIVED WHILE THEY WORKED!!!!!

  18. The First Intermediate Period • Short period of political breakdown in Egypt (c. 100years) • Followed by Middle Kingdom • Structurally not much difference between Old Kingdom & Middle Kingdom • Lack of change probably led to second breakdown known as the Second Intermediate Period • Instead of building Pyramids Kings of the Mid King spent their time and $$ building large forts in Nubia

  19. Second Intermediate Period • Period is longer than the first – c. 200 years • Period where parts of Egypt are ruled by ‘foreign’ kings • The Hyksos Dynasty • Capital Avaris in the Delta • Period of political breakdown, but still a prosperous and international period

  20. New Kingdom • Egypt at its most powerful • Lasts for close to 500 years • Egypt in control of a great deal of the N.E.

  21. Luxor Temple and ObeliskNew Kingdom Period

  22. Hypostyle

  23. New Kingdom tombs Valley of the Kings

  24. ba Egypt: Afterlife and burial rituals

  25. Canopic jars & Mummies

  26. Old Kingdom pyramids have best collection of Pyramid texts 288 magical spells to help soul of dead king on the journey into the next world Will eventually get codified in the Book of the Dead Pyramid Texts & Book of the Dead

  27. Drastic changes to Egyptian state and religion Changes his name to Akhenaten – “the glory of Aten” Erases names of other gods Removed the plural ‘gods’ from the Egyptian language Move from Polytheism to Monotheism Changes in art, more realistic depictions More depictions of the King and his Family Anemhotep IV - Akhenaten

  28. Akhenaten

  29. Ramesside era

  30. End of the NK • Whatever happened, all major NE civ. Come to an end c.1200 in a period of turmoil • With the exception of Egypt who did survive the catastrophe, but in a greatly weakened state • Becomes more loosely structured state, just like any other Mediterranean state • A rich state, but never again an important player on the world stage

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