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Understanding Earth's Atmosphere Layers and Composition

Explore the layers and composition of the Earth's atmosphere, from the Troposphere to the Exosphere, in this comprehensive guide covering key concepts and characteristics.

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Understanding Earth's Atmosphere Layers and Composition

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  1. This is due at the end of class • Warm up question: List the 4 layers of the atmosphere and explain the differences Exit: What is reflection describe the layers of the atmosphere

  2. Homework Read pages 455-462 : answer questions on page 462 Vocabulary page 474 ; define and give one fact Read page 463-468 ; answer questions on page 468 Study for vocabulary quiz on Friday Essential QuestionExplain how radiant energy reaches the earth. describe the layers of the atmosphere

  3. Chapter 23 standards • Energy enters the Earth system primarily as solar radiation and eventually escapes as heat. As a basis for understanding this concept: • Heating of Earth's surface and atmosphere by the sun drives convection within the atmosphere and oceans, producing winds and ocean currents. As a basis for understanding this concept: • Climate is the long-term average of a region's weather and depends on many factors. As a basis for understanding this concept: • Life has changed Earth's atmosphere, and changes in the atmosphere affect conditions for life. As a basis for understanding this concept: describe the layers of the atmosphere

  4. Characteristics of the Atmosphere ; page 455 Atmosphere is a layer of gases and particles that surround the earth. Meteorologist – study climate and weather Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  5. Composition of the atmosphere ; page 455 Most abundant gases in atmosphere – SEA LEVEL up to 50 MILES UP Nitrogen Oxygen Argon Atmosphere also has……. Water – not on graph because of varying amounts Carbon Dioxide – VERY small amount Ozone – much higher concentration in STRATOSPHERE Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  6. Oxygen in the atmosphere ; page 456 Oxygen is a chemical process to maintain a balance. Animals, plants, bacteria, forest fires, burning of fuels, and weathering all use up oxygen. Land and plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis. Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  7. Nitrogen in the atmosphere ; page 457 Nitrogen fixing bacteria remove it from the air and fix it into the soil The bacteria changes it into nitrogen compounds that plants use for growth. Animals eat the plants and return the nitrogen to the air and soil from the release of waste Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  8. Atmospheric pressure ; page 457 The closer you are to the surface the more air pressure there is – 99% of the air is within 32 Km of the surface, Mount Everest is 0.885 Km Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  9. Mercurial Barometer ; page 458 It measures the amount of air pressure on a pool of mercury. We measure the movement up and down a tube – 760 mm is the average pressure at sea level. Weather maps use millibars – one millibars is 0.001 of standard pressure Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  10. Aneroid Barometer ; page 459 Is a canister that has a vacuum inside – the sides flexing tell the pressure. It can also be used to measure altitude and is called an altimeter. Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  11. describe the layers of the atmosphere

  12. Layers of the Atmosphere ; page 459 Layers are not set by pressure changes, but by changes in temperature. Solar energy absorption is responsible. There are 4 layers Decreasing Air Pressure Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  13. The Troposphere ; page 460 The layer closest to the surface – means change Almost all weather, water vapor and carbon dioxide are found here. Temperature decrease with altitude by 6.5 degrees km, at 10 km the temp levels off and is called the Tropopause. Latitude and seasons affect the level. Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  14. The stratosphere ; page 460 Starts at the Tropopause and extends up to 50 km. Temp starts at -60 degrees and gets warmer with altitude. This increase is due to the ozone layer. The high temperature point is called the Stratopause Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  15. The Mesosphere ; page 461 Starts at Stratopause and up to 80 km. Temp decrease with altitude and reaches the coldest at -90 degrees. At the Mesopause temp begins to increase. Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  16. The Thermosphere ; page 461 Thermosphere is HOTTEST layer due to solar energy absorption by Oxygen & Nitrogen (2,000 degrees) Ionosphere found in lower Thermosphere Responsible for radio wave reflection around Earth Above the Thermosphere is the Exosphere, goes up into space Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  17. What is happening to the air pressure as you move up through the atmosphere? describe the layers of the atmosphere

  18. Air Pollution ; page 462 ANY substance in the atmosphere that is harmful to people, animals or PROPERTY is an air pollutant. Main source: FOSSIL FUELS Burning of coal and petroleum fuels Acid rain – sulfur compounds released combine with rain in clouds and fall to Earth Acid Rain poisons wildlife, soil and human water supply in addition to corroding metal found on most exposed buildings Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  19. Temperature inversion ; page 462 Normally, warm air rises above colder air moving polluted air away from land A Temperature Inversion occurs when COLD air is trapped under WARM air, keeping polluted air next to the ground Chapter 23 Section 1 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  20. Los Angeles & Denver:Smog Capitals describe the layers of the atmosphere

  21. Solar Energy and the Atmosphere The earth is heated by energy being absorbed by certain gases in the atmosphere. It is also heated by radiated heat from the oceans and land Chapter 23 Section 2 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  22. Radiation All energy travels from sun in form of Electromagnetic Radiation The shorter the wavelength – HIGHER ENERGY Chapter 23 Section 2 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  23. Energy Absorption by Layer • X-Rays, Gamma Rays and UV rays are absorbed by Nitrogen and Oxygen in the thermosphere • Nitrogen and oxygen stripped of electrons – Ions – form Ionosphere - a layer in lower thermosphere that blocks and reflects radio waves • UV light absorbed by ozone in stratosphere Ionosphere describe the layers of the atmosphere

  24. Scattering Water droplets, dust and gases in the atmosphere bend and reflect light. The sky is blue because it scatters more easily. A sunset or sunrise is red because the blue is scattered away from the sun Chapter 23 Section 2 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  25. Reflection The Albedo is the fraction of light reflected – for the Earth, the Albedo is 0.3 Chapter 23 Section 2 notes 30% Reflected by clouds, dust, gas and Earth 100% of Solar Energy 20% Absorbed by Clouds, dust & gases 50% Absorbed by Earth’s Surface Land & Oceans describe the layers of the atmosphere

  26. Absorption and infrared Energy The solar energy not reflected is ABSORBED by the Earth. When warmed, the Earth gives off its own IR rays Ex. IR Night Vision – used by military and police, one can see objects in complete darkness by IR energy they give off. Where the Ozone layer filters out HARMFUL UV light, the ozone layer reflects IR energy given off by the Earth See figure 23-10 – p.466 Chapter 23 Section 2 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  27. The greenhouse effect http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/greenhouse/ Chapter 23 Section 2 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  28. Variations in temperature Latitude effects the amount of light you get. The closer to the equator the more light and the warmer it gets. Water helps moderate the temperature on land. Chapter 23 Section 2 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  29. Conduction and convection In conduction the molecules move faster to transfer heat, but since air is so far apart it does not transfer heat well. In convection warm air moves up and cold air moves down. Chapter 23 Section 2 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  30. Winds At the equator is low pressure, High pressure at the poles. This causes global winds to balance the difference. Chapter 23 Section 3 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  31. Global winds Winds and ocean current are affected by earth’s rotation. Coriolis effect: deflected to right in the north and left in the south There are three convection cells in the northern hemisphere. (equator-30, 30-60,60-pole) Chapter 23 Section 3 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  32. Trade winds Winds are named for the direction they come from. Northeast trades and southeast trades. Meet at the equator in a zone called the doldrums – low At 30 degrees is the horse latitudes – a banned of high pressure Chapter 23 Section 3 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  33. Westerlies Westerlies blow from the southwest in the north and the northwest in the south. Located between 40 and 60 degrees. Blow across the United States. Chapter 23 Section 3 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  34. Polar Easterlies Result of polar high pressure. Strongest off Antarctica, where they meet warm air from the Westerlies. Deflected by the Coriolis effect. Chapter 23 Section 3 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  35. Wind and pressure shifts Jet streams Wind belts shift with the seasons. Formed at cell boundaries, very fast and changing in mid latitudes. Steady and unchanging in tropical areas. Form at 10 to 15 km up, 100 km wide and 2 to 3 km thick Chapter 23 Section 3 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  36. Local Winds Land and sea breezes Cover a distance of less then 100km or breezes. Uneven heating of land and water cause breezes to form, inland during the day and out to sea at night. Chapter 23 Section 3 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  37. describe the layers of the atmosphere

  38. Mountain and Valley breezes Warm valley air moves up the mountains during the day, the mountain air cools faster after sunset and descends back into the valley. Chapter 23 Section 3 notes describe the layers of the atmosphere

  39. describe the layers of the atmosphere

  40. Chapter 23 extra credit opportunities • Write questions and answers out completely. • Pages 474 – 475 • Review questions 1 – 12 describe the layers of the atmosphere

  41. Group 1 – page 177 Group 2 – page 408 Group 3 – page 410 Group 4 – page 416 Group 5 – page 429 Group 6 – page 431 Group 7 – page 455 Group 8 – page 456 Group 9 – page 457 Group 10 – page 460 Group 11 – page 465 Group 12 – page 472 Group Drawings describe the layers of the atmosphere

  42. How to phrase your statement • I believe the ___________ will ___________. describe the layers of the atmosphere

  43. Materials Air pump Bell Chamber Marshmallows Water bottles – empty , half full Shaving cream Balloons – one closed, one open Write a prediction of what will happen to the item in the chamber. Observe what happens and write it down. Did it do what you thought, why or why not. Lab – Atmospheric Pressure ( page 457) describe the layers of the atmosphere

  44. Vocabulary Quiz – Chapter 23Define these terms in your own words. • Weather • Climate • Ozone • Nitrogen cycle • Atmospheric pressure describe the layers of the atmosphere

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