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Animal Structure

Animal Structure. & Function. Chapter 40. Anatomy: The study if the structure of an organism Physiology: The study of the function an organism performs. Form relates to function. Physical Laws Constrain Animal Form Hydrodynamics Gas exchange Diffusion (lg s.a. to vol. ratio).

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Animal Structure

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  1. Animal Structure & Function Chapter 40

  2. Anatomy: The study if the structure of an organism Physiology: The study of the function an organism performs

  3. Form relates to function

  4. Physical Laws Constrain Animal Form • Hydrodynamics • Gas exchange • Diffusion (lg s.a. to vol. ratio)

  5. Fusiform Shape and Streamlining Evolutionary Convergence

  6. Exchange within the environment Mouth Fig. 40-3 Gastrovascular cavity Exchange Exchange Exchange 0.15 mm 1.5 mm (a) Single cell (b) Two layers of cells

  7. Internal exchange surfaces in complex animals

  8. DNA molecule carbon atom organelle cell tissue biosphere ecosystem organ organ system community organism population Levels of Sturctural Organization

  9. Tissues Major Tissue Types Tissues are groups of cells with a common function. • Epithelial Tissue • Connective Tissue • Muscle Tissue • Nervous Tissue

  10. Epithelial Tissues • Epithelia comes in 2 forms: • Glandular epithelia • Membranous epithelia • Functions: • Protection • Absorption • Filtration • Excretion • Secretion • Sensory reception

  11. Exocrine Glands • Ducted glands • Most havesupportive connective tissue, secretory unit, blood supply, nerves • Ex. pancreas, sweat glands, salivary, sebaceous, mammary glands Merocrine gland

  12. Exocrine Gland Goblet cells

  13. Endocrine Gland • Secretes product directly directly in blood • Pituitary • Hypothalamus • Thyroid • Adrenal • Pancreas • Thymus • Pineal

  14. Membranes Mucous

  15. Membranes Serious: pericardium, pleura, viscera Parietal pericardium Serous fluid Visceral pericardium

  16. Membranes Cutaneous

  17. Membranes Synovial

  18. Classification of Epithelia

  19. Epithelial Tissues • Simple Squamous Epithelium • Simple Cuboidal Epithelium • Simple Columnar Epithelium • Stratified Epithelium • Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium • Transitional Epithelium

  20. Tissues

  21. Connective Tissues • Loose Connective Tissue • Dense Connective Tissue • Adipose Tissue • Cartilage • Bone • Blood

  22. Connective Tissues • Functions: • Connects body parts • Protection • Insulation • Transport substances • Common characteristics: • All originate from mesenchyme • Well vascularized • Cells scattered through an extracellular matrix

  23. Connective Tissues • Three main elements: • Ground substance (interstitial fluid and proteins) • Fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) • Cells (chondrocytes, osteocytes, fibrocytes, blood, macrophages, mast cells)

  24. Connective Tissues

  25. Muscle Tissue • Skeletal Muscle Tissue • Smooth Muscle Tissue • Cardiac Muscle Tissue

  26. Skeletal Muscle Tissue

  27. Skeletal Muscle Tissue

  28. Smooth Muscle Tissue

  29. Smooth Muscle Tissue

  30. Cardiac Muscle Tissue

  31. Cardiac Muscle Tissue

  32. Nervous Tissue

  33. Biology 100 Human Biology

  34. Organ Systems

  35. Organ Systems

  36. Regulators vs Conformers River otter (temperature regulator) 40 Fig. 40-7 30 Body temperature (°C) 20 Largemouth bass (temperature conformer) 10 0 10 20 30 40 Ambient (environmental) temperature (ºC)

  37. Homeostasis • All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly • Temperature • pH • Ions • Osmolarity • Hormones

  38. Homeostasis Relatively stable internal environment

  39. Negative Feedback vs Positive Feedback

  40. Negative Feedback Body Temperature Regulation

  41. Negative Feedback Blood Sugar Levels

  42. Positive Feedback

  43. Introduction to the Bioenergetics of Animals Photosynthesis Autotrophic Nutrition vs Heterotrophic Nutrition 6H2O + 6CO2 + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 +ATP

  44. Metabolic rate provides clues to an animal’s bioenergetic “strategy” • Metabolic Rate: the rate energy consumed for metabolic purposes over time (calories). • Respiration • Growth • Repair • Digestion • Physical Activities

  45. Metabolic Rate Measure by : • Heat loss from respiration • O2 consumed • CO2 produced • Food consumption

  46. Ghost crab running a treadmill Manometer- measures CO2 produced

  47. Two basic bioenergetic strategies used by animals : • Endothermy “warm blooded” • Ectothermy “cold blooded”

  48. Radiation Evaporation Fig. 40-10 Heat Exchange Convection Conduction

  49. Thermoregulation Fig. 40-11 Hair Epidermis Sweat pore Muscle Dermis Nerve Sweat gland Hypodermis Adipose tissue Blood vessels Oil gland Hair follicle

  50. Canada goose Bottlenose dolphin Fig. 40-12 Blood flow Vein Artery Vein Artery 35ºC 33º 27º 30º 20º 18º 10º 9º Countercurrent Heat Exchangers

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