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Malaria

Malaria. By: JM. Definition. Malaria is defined as a parasitic disease that invades the red blood cells Other names Include: Quartan Malaria Falciparum Malaria Bioduoterian fever Black water fever Tertian malaria & Plasmodium. History.

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Malaria

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  1. Malaria

    By: JM
  2. Definition Malaria is defined as a parasitic disease that invades the red blood cells Other names Include: Quartan Malaria Falciparum Malaria Bioduoterian fever Black water fever Tertian malaria & Plasmodium
  3. History Dates back to the Vedic writings of 1600 B.C.E in India & 5th century B.C.E in Greece Greek physician Hippocrates (father if Medicine) described the disease’s characteristics Related them to seasons and locations Romans developed drainage programs which were among the first preventions 17th century Italy, Malaria was prevalent in foul-smelling swamps near Rome
  4. History Named Mal ’ aria which in Italian means “bad air” Epidemics ravaged through Europe & Africa for centuries May have came to New World with slaves Devastated 1607 Jamestown colony Regularly ravaged South and Midwest Peaked in US in 1875, yet in 1914 over 600,000 new cases were still occurring During Civil War both sides sustained 1.2 million cases
  5. History Also affected both World Wars, Korean & Vietnam War
  6. Causes Caused by a parasite called plasmodium There is 4 different types of plasmodium’s Plasmodium. falciparum (Most serious, usually fatal) Plasmodium. malariae Plasmodium. vivax Plasmodium. ovale Over 100 species of Plasmodium exist in animals and people, only these 4 infect us Malaria parasites spread by successively infecting two types of hosts, female Anopheles mosquitoes and humans
  7. Causes Transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes’ saliva The parasites (called sporozoites) travel to the liver to hide in liver cells from immune system They release another form, the merozoites. They multiply 1000 times and burst from the liver cells and spill the parasites into the blood stream
  8. Causes These enter the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells. Parasites multiply inside the red blood cells, which then rupture within 48 to 72 hours, infecting more red blood cells The parasites fuel their activity by consuming hemoglobin (the part of the blood that contains oxygen) Also sometimes transmitted through: Blood transfusions from infected people Needle sharing
  9. Causes An infected mother can infect her unborn child
  10. Symptoms Most important symptom is fever in mild attacks (may be only symptom) P. Malariae - fever occurs every 3rd day P. Vivax - fever occurs every 2nd day P. Falciparum – may not have cycle but would occur every 2nd day Each attack happens as more red blood cells burst in the bloodstream
  11. Symptoms Stages of Symptoms 1. Chills 2. Fever 3. Sweating Within 1-2 hours of chills temperature will rise Skin will feel hot and dry Body temperature will fall and a drenching sweat will begin The patient, feeling tired and weak is likely to fall asleep
  12. Symptoms When temperature returns to normal flu-like symptoms appear like: Headache Nausea Diarrhea Stomach Ache Bloody Stools Enlargement of Spleen & Liver
  13. Symptoms Severe Malaria can result in: Coma Jaundice Kidney failure Anemia (severe anemia is often cause of death in endemic areas)
  14. Diagnosis Doctors may suspect Malaria when a person has been to tropical area recently Malaria is diagnosed by its symptoms and microscopic examination of blood This will identify the parasites in different stages Blood is best collected when temperature is rising Greatest amount of parasites present 3 consecutive days of testing with no indication of parasite can rule out malaria
  15. Diagnosis Anti bodies in blood can help determine if a person has been exposed to malaria Rapid diagnostic test for malaria are now available Allow detection of antigens in a blood finger-prick blood sample in minutes Can use dipstick tests that detect specific proteins and enzymes can enhance speed and accuracy
  16. Diagnosis Malaria blood smears taken at 6-12 hour intervals confirm diagnosis
  17. Treatment Sooner Malaria is found the better Doctor may start treatment even before is complete if they suspect it Quinine or chloroquine is the best known anti malarial drugs
  18. Treatment For people in malarial area only enough drugs are given to clear the blood Quinine is only for severe malaria because of nasty side affects It is important to build up blood levels of drugs before going into malarial area
  19. Treatment Qinghao plant has been used in china for over 2000 years to relieve symptoms Bitter bark was used in Peru in 15th century Today, drug sensitive malaria is largely controlled by intravenous (IV) chloroquine Some parasites are resistant to chloroquine, mostly P. Falciparum
  20. Treatment For resistant parasites there are other treatment options like: Mefloquine Atovaquone and Proguanil (Malarone) Doxycycline With some species of malaria, extra treatment is needed for the liver
  21. Prevention Needs to be approached from 2 fronts Protecting against infection Reducing the development of the disease in infected people When traveling to malaria prone areas you should: See your doctor for medicines that protect you Wear insect repellent with DEET diethyl(meta)toluamide Cover up Sleep under mosquito netting
  22. Prevention/Future Outlook Treatment to avoid catching malaria may need to start a month before you leave Optimism for a vaccine is present because of people living in endemic areas have built up immunities to it
  23. Terms length of time that tends to elapse between fever Tertian – every 3rd day Quartan – ever 4th day Anemia – when someone does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin, so the blood can’t carry oxygen Endemic – when disease is constantly present in or among a group of people Sporozoite – slender, spindle-shaped organism. is the infective stage of malaria
  24. Facts Death can occur in any form of Malaria Malaria kills 1 child every 30 seconds 800,000 children under age of 5 die every year Responsible for substantial number of miscarriages and low-weight babies More than 30% of people with severe malaria die even with advanced medical treatment in an intensive care unit falciparum is more likely to cause severe disease in young children, pregnant women and first time travellers
  25. Extra Info falciparum – can be rapidly fatal and responsible for most death. Present in Africa, New Guinea and Haiti malariae – occasionally in endemic areas like Sub-Saharan Africa vivax – more common in India sub-continent and central America. prevalence 2 infections equal in Asia, Oceania and South America ovale – mostly confined to Africa, sporadic cases occur in Southern India without treatment malaria is fatal
  26. Summary Malaria is very common disease and if not treated early is fatal Treatment is available should be started as soon as possible Symptoms appear: chills, fever and sweating Prevention is best form of treatment for malaria
  27. Citation Krogstad DJ. Malaria. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier. 2007: chap 366. from http://www.healthline.com/adamcontent/malaria#1 Health & Wellness Resource Centre,(August 21, 2006) Malaria Disease/Disorder overview. Retrieved Thurs, Nov 10, 2011, from http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/HWRC/hits?r=d&origSearch=true&rlt=1&o=&bucket=ref&n=10&l=d&searchTerm=2NTA&index=BA&basicSearchOption=KE&tcit=1_1_1_1_1_1&c=1&docNum=A169434755&locID=ko_k12hs_d31&secondary=false&t=RK&s=1&SU=malaria Jaco by, D.J Youngson, R.Y (2005). Malaria. In Encyclopedia of Family Health (Volume 8, pp. 1120-1123). Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish
  28. Citation Fairhurst RM, Wellems TE. Plasmodium species (Malaria). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2009:chap 275. Krogstad DJ. Malaria. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier. 2007:chap 366. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000621.htm Perlin, DP and Cohen, AC (2002) The Complete Idiots’ Guide To: Dangerous Diseases and Epidemics. Indianapolis, IN: Marie Butter Knight
  29. Pictures http://images.medicinenet.com/images/illustrations/blood_cells.jpg http://www.lifeinitaly.com/files/hippocrates3.jpg http://rlv.zcache.com/malaria_mosquito_poster-rab2064e9e1fa4e8781ec57e1c8511232_a6a70_400.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Malaria.jpg/220px-Malaria.jpg http://www.documentacionnarrativa.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/nyamuk.jpg http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v8/n7/images/nrg2126-f1.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symptoms_of_Malaria.png/220px-Symptoms_of_Malaria.png
  30. Pictures http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symptoms_of_Malaria.png/220px-Symptoms_of_Malaria.png http://www.malariaworld.org/sites/default/files/quinine.gif http://www.traveldoctor.co.uk/images/MalariaMap.gif
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