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Rheumatic Fever Assessment of CVS & Murmurs

Rheumatic Fever Assessment of CVS & Murmurs. Rheumatic Fever Definition:. Rheumatic fever is a systemic disease of childhood, often recurrent that follows Group A beta hemolytic streptococcal Pharyngitis * infection

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Rheumatic Fever Assessment of CVS & Murmurs

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  1. Rheumatic Fever Assessment of CVS & Murmurs

  2. Rheumatic Fever Definition: Rheumatic fever is a systemic disease of childhood, often recurrent that follows Group A beta hemolytic streptococcal Pharyngitis* infection It is a delayed Multisystem, Autoimmune, non-suppurative sequelae to URTI with GABH streptococci. It is a diffuse inflammatory disease of connective tissue, primarily involving heart, blood vessels, joints, subcut. tissue and CNS Acute: Fever, Inflammed Skin, joint & heart Chronic: Scarring of heart valves (mitral) dysfunction.

  3. Introduction: “The most important consequence of rheumatic fever is recurrent autoimmune inflammation of heart valves due to ‘GABH Strep’ causing scarring of valves leading to severe cardiac dysfunction decades later” RHD – Mitral Stenosis.

  4. Epidemiology • Ages 5-18 yrsare most susceptible • Rare <3 yrs • M:F equally except Sydenham’s chorea which is more common in girls • Common in 3rd world countries • Environmental factors--over crowding, poor sanitation, poverty,

  5. Etiology: Genetic Susceptibility Environmental factor – GABH strep. Autoimmunity – Autoantibodies ? .

  6. Pathogenesis & Pathology • Delayed immune response to infection with group.A beta hemolytic streptococci of throat only. • After a latent period of 1-3 weeks,antibody induced immunological damage (Ashcoff nodules )resulting in- -Pancarditis in the heart -Arthritis in the joints -Ashcoff nodulesin the subcutaneous tissue -Basal gangliar lesions resulting in chorea

  7. Strains that produces rheumatic fever - M types l, 3, 5, 6,18 & 24 Pharyngitis-produced by GABHS can lead to- acute rheumatic fever , rheumatic heart disease & post strept. Glomerulonepritis Skin infection- produced by GABHS leads to post streptococcal glomerulo nephritis only. It will not result in Rh.Fever or carditis as skin lipid cholesterol inhibit antigenicity Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus

  8. Clinical Features: Fever 2-3 weeks following pharyngitis Migratory polyarthritis of large joints Pericardial friction rub Weak heart sounds Tachycardia, arrhythmias Increased vulnerability to reactivation with subsequent pharyngitis. Cumulative cardiac damage over decades

  9. 1.Arthritis • Fleeting migratory polyarthritis, involving major joints (joints-knee, ankle, elbow & wrist ) • Occur in 80% of cases • Involved joints are exquisitely tender • In children below 5 yrs arthritis usually mild but carditis more prominent • Arthritis do not progress to chronic disease

  10. 2.Carditis • Manifest as pancarditis(endocarditis, myocarditis and pericarditis) • Occur in 40-50% of cases • Carditis is the only manifestation of rheumatic fever that leaves a sequelae & permanent damage to the organ • Valvulitis occur in acute phase • Chronic phase- fibrosis,calcification & stenosis of heart valves (fishmouth valves)

  11. Occur in 5-10% of cases Mainly in girls of 1-15 yrs age May appear even 6/12 after the attack of rheumatic fever Clinically manifest as-clumsiness, deterioration of handwriting,emotional lability or grimacing of face 3.Sydenham Chorea

  12. 4.Erythema Marginatum • Occur in <5% of cases. • Unique,transient,serpiginous-looking lesions of 1-2 inches in size • Pale center with red irregular margin • More on trunks & limbs & non-itchy • Worsens with application of heat • Often associated with chronic carditis

  13. Erythema marginatum

  14. 5.Subcutaneous nodules • Occur in 10% of cases • Painless,pea-sized,palpable nodules • Mainly over extensor surfaces of joints,spine,scapulae & scalp • Associated with strong seropositivity • Always associated with severe carditis

  15. Rheumatic Fever: Clinical Features Polyarthritis– w/ low grade fever, large joints, (~ 80 % ) migratory - affects 1 at a time, no permanent dysfx. Carditis- pericarditis, cardiomeagly, or valvulitis ( ~ 50%) (valvulitis is the most serious manifestation.) Chorea – late occurrence, 3 - 4 months after ( ~ 10%) infection, self-limiting, resolves in 1- 3 months. Erythema Marginatum–“classic” truncal rash, ( ~ 5 %) migratory - appears & disappears within hours. (pink rash – irregular red edges – clear center) Subcutaneous Nodules– occurs late ( months (~ 10 %) after infection), painless small nodules over bony prominences - elbows, knees, spine.

  16. Other features (Minor features) • Fever-(upto 38.3 degree centigrade) • Arthralgia • Pallor • Anorexia • Loss of weight

  17. Laboratory Investigations: No specific laboratory investigations* Throat culture-GABH streptococci - Cultures are usually negative. High ESR Anemia, leucocytosis Elevated C-reactive protien ASO titre >200 Todd units. (Peak value attained at 3 weeks, then comes down to normal by 6 weeks) High Anti-DNAse B titres High Acute phase reactants –

  18. Laboratory Findings (Contd) • ECG- Prolonged PR interval, 2nd or 3rd degree blocks,ST depression, T inversion • 2D Echo cardiography- valve edema,mitral regurgitation, LA & LV dilatation,pericardial effusion,decreased contractility

  19. Diagnosis • Evidence of recent streptococcal infection can include: • Increased antistreptolysin O ( ASO ) or other streptococcal antibodies (anti-DNAse B) • Positive throat culture for Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci • Recent scarlet fever • Rheumatic fever is mainly a clinical diagnosis • No single diagnostic sign or specific laboratory test available for diagnosis • Diagnosis based on MODIFIED JONES CRITERIA

  20. Jones clinical Criteria of Diagnosis: Major Criteria Migratory Polyarthritis Carditis Subcutaneous nodules Erythema marginatum Sydenham Chorea Minor Criteria Nonspecific symptoms Fever Arthralgia High ESR / CRP Prolonged PR Interval Positive:2 Major or 1 major + 2 minor Following Group-A strep. pharyngitis.

  21. Differential Diagnosis • Juvenile rheumatiod arthritis • Septic arthritis • Sickle-cell arthropathy • Kawasaki disease • Myocarditis • Scarlet fever • Leukemia

  22. Heart Disease • Rheumatic Heart Disease – usually occurs years after initial attack. Mitral valve is more commonly involved than aortic valve. Classically, pts have mitral stenosis as a result of calcification.

  23. Treatment • Step I - Prevention(eradication of streptococci) • Step II- Anti inflammatory treatment(aspirin,steroids) • Step III- Supportive management & management of complications • Step IV- Secondary prevention (prevention of recurrent attacks)

  24. Primary Prophylaxis • Timely diagnosis of GAS pharyngitis and appropriate treatment. • Treatment of choice is still Penicillin as all GAS is susceptible. • Treatment administered within 10 days of onset of illness has been shown to prevent ARF. • Alternatives – amoxicillin, erythromycin, 1st generation cephalosporin

  25. STEP I: Primary Prevention of Rheumatic Fever (Treatment of Streptococcal Tonsillopharyngitis) Agent Dose Mode Duration Benzathine penicillin G 600 000 U for patients Intramuscular Once 27 kg (60 lb) 1 200 000 U for patients >27 kg or Penicillin V Children: 250 mg 2-3 times daily Oral 10 d (phenoxymethyl penicillin) Adolescents and adults: 500 mg 2-3 times daily For individuals allergic to penicillin Erythromycin: 20-40 mg/kg/d 2-4 times daily Oral 10 d Estolate (maximum 1 g/d) or Ethylsuccinate 40 mg/kg/d 2-4 times daily Oral 10 d (maximum 1 g/d)

  26. Step II:Anti inflammatory treatment Clinical condition Drugs

  27. Bed rest Treatment of congestive cardiac failure: -digitalis,diuretics Treatment of chorea: -diazepam or haloperidol Rest to joints & supportive splinting 3.Step III: Supportive management & management of complications

  28. Secondary Prophylaxis • Patients diagnosed with ARF need to undergo secondary prophylaxis to prevent relapses. • Prophylaxis regimens include oral Penicillin BID, Pen G IM monthly , or oral erythromycin BID.

  29. STEP IV : Secondary Prevention of Rheumatic Fever (Prevention of Recurrent Attacks) Agent Dose Mode Benzathine penicillin G 1 200 000 U every 4 weeks* Intramuscular or Penicillin V 250 mg twice daily Oral or Sulfadiazine 0.5 g once daily for patients 27 kg Oral 1.0 g once daily for patients >27 kg For individuals allergic to penicillin and sulfadiazine Erythromycin 250 mg twice daily Oral *In high-risk situations, administration every 3 weeks is justified and recommended

  30. Duration of Secondary Rheumatic Fever Prophylaxis Category Duration Rheumatic fever with carditis and At least 10 y since last residual heart disease episode and at least until (persistent valvar disease*) age 40 y, sometimes lifelong prophylaxis Rheumatic fever with carditis 10 y or well into adulthood, but no residual heart disease whichever is longer (no valvar disease*) Rheumatic fever without carditis 5 y or until age 21 y, whichever is longer *Clinical or echocardiographic evidence.

  31. Duration of treatment

  32. Prognosis • Rheumatic fever can recur whenever the individual experience new GABH streptococcal infection,if not on prophylactic medicines • Good prognosis for older age group & if no carditis during the initial attack • Bad prognosis for younger children & those with carditis with valvar lesions

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