The State Grants Portion of the Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities Program

1. The State Grants Portion of the Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities Program

2. Ignoring Drug and Alcohol Prevention Is Costly • The economic cost of drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse in the United States is more than $500 billion.1 • Drug, alcohol and tobacco use currently cost schools throughout the country an EXTRA$41 billion per year in truancy, violence, disciplinary programs, school security and other expenses.2 1National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2006). NIDA InfoFacts: Treatment Approaches for Drug Addiction. Available: http://www.drugabuse.gov/Infofacts/treatmeth.html 2U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Education and SAMHSA’s National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information. (2002). Prevention Alert. “Schools and Substance Abuse (I): It Costs $41 Billion.” 5(10). Available: http://www.health.org/govpubs/prevalert/v5/5.aspx.

3. Cost/Benefit For Prevention Prevention Yields Huge Savings • Effective substance abuse prevention can yield major economic dividends. For every dollar invested in prevention between $2.00 to $20.00 can be saved.1 1 Swisher, J.D., Scherer, J. and Yin, K. (October, 2004). The Journal of Primary Prevention. “Cost-benefit estimates in prevention research.” 25:2.

4. What the Research Shows To Support the Need For Prevention • Drug addiction is a developmental disorder that begins in adolescence, sometimes as early as childhood, for which effective prevention is critical.1 1 Quote by Dr. Nora Volkow, Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse

6. SDFSC Recipients Increase the Age of Initiation • The CESA 8 Drug Free Schools Consortium in Wisconsin, a consortium of 21 small, rural school districts receiving SDFSC funds, has achieved the following results in the past two years (2006-2008): • A 10.2% increase (34.6% rate of change) in youth who DO NOT begin drinking alcohol before age 14, from 29.5% in 2005 to 39.7% in 2008.

7. Why Are These Outcomes Significant? • Adolescents who begin drinking before the age of 15 are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependence. Each additional year of delayed drinking onset reduces the probability of alcohol dependence by 14%.1 • Of youth who began drinking before age 15, 40% were classified as dependent later in life. 2 • Children who first smoke marijuana under the age of 14 are more than five times as likely to abuse drugs as adults, than those who first use marijuana at age 18.3 1 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2006). Underage Drinking A Growing Healthcare Concern. Available: http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/PSA/underagepg2.htm. 2Grant, B.F., and Dawson, D.A. Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. J Sub Abuse 9:103-110, 1997. 3The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) report. August 23, 2002. Available: http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k2/MJ&dependence/MJdependence.htm

8. School-Based Prevention Increases Age of Initiation and Saves Money1 • If effective prevention programs were implemented nationwide substance abuse initiation would decline for 1.5 million youth and be delayed for 2 years on average. It has been well established that a delay in onset reduces subsequent problems in later life. • In 2002, the average cost of an effective school-based program was $220 per student, including materials and teacher training. These programs could save an estimated $18 per $1 invested if implemented nationwide. 1U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. (2008). Substance Abuse Prevention Dollars and Centers: A Cost Benefit Analysis.

9. Drug Trends

10. Long term trends confirm that since 1992, when drug use was at its lowest point and data is disaggregated, there has actually been a 63% INCREASE in marijuana use among high school seniors. 63%

11. Previous Administration Claims

12. The previous Administration touted a 25% decline in overall youth drug use since 2001.

13. In order to get to this 25% reduction, all grades and all illicit drugs were combined, and a random baseline was selected.

14. Perception of Risk and Social Disapproval • Research demonstrates that illegal drug use among youth declines as the perception of risk and social disapproval increases.

15. 12th Graders’ Past Year Marijuana Use vs. Perceived Risk of Occasional Marijuana Use SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2008 Monitoring the Future Study SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2008 Monitoring the Future Study

16. When MTF data is disaggregated, disturbing trends are beginning, as attitudes are softening.

17. 2008 Monitoring the Future Study Key Findings- Attitudes (2008 cf. 2007) SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2008 Monitoring the Future Study SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2008 Monitoring the Future Study

18. Percent Perceiving Great Risk of Smoking Marijuana Regularly Denotes significant difference between 2007 and 2008. SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2008 Monitoring the Future Study SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2008 Monitoring the Future Study

19. Percent Perceiving Great Risk of Taking Inhalants Regularly Denotes significant difference between 2007 and 2008. SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2008 Monitoring the Future Study SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2008 Monitoring the Future Study

20. Softening attitudes generally precede an increase in drug use rates by approximately two years.

21. Among 8th and 12th graders, there was a decrease in disapprovalof LSD.

22. Concurrently, there has been an increase in past-year LSD use in 8th and 12th graders over the past three years.

23. Among 10th graders, past 30 day use of marijuana has already eclipsed that of tobacco.

24. 10th Grade, Past 30-Day Use 13.8% 12.3% Marijuana SOURCE: University of Michigan, 2008 Monitoring the Future Study www.pridesurveys.com

25. Academic Achievement

26. New Administration Goals “…every American will need to get more than a high school diploma.  And dropping out of high school is no longer an option…That is why we will provide the support necessary for you to complete college and meet a new goal:  by 2020, America will once again have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world.”   -- President Barack Obama Address to Joint Session of Congress February 24, 2009

27. New Administration Goal: U.S. To Have Highest Proportion of College Graduates by 2020 • Without a specific focus on drug prevention in schools, this goal will be unattainable. • Drug prevention is critical to ensuring the academic success of our youth

28. New Administration Goal • Cannot be achieved by repackaging and proposing the same cuts and new proposal for a $100 million national program to the State Grants portion of the SDFSC program that the previous Administration did.

29. Vast Majority of LEAs Do NOT Receive Funding from National Programs • Since 2002, funds from the National Programs portion of the SDFSC program only supported 7% of LEAs throughout the country. • This means that 93% of LEAs (or 14,903) throughout the country did not receive ANY funding from the National Programs portion.

30. The State Grants portion of the Safe and Drug Free Schools Program MUST Be Maintained

31. Poor Academic Achievement Linked to Substance Abuse • Evidence substantiates the fact that lower reading and math scores are linked to peer substance abuse. On average, students whose peers avoided substance use had test scores that were 18 points higher for reading, and 45 points higher for math. 1 • Studies have further demonstrated that students who use alcohol or other drugs are up to five times more likely to drop out of school.2 • 1Bence, M., Brandon, R., Lee, I., Tran, H. University of Washington. (2000). Impact of peer substance use on middle school performance in Washington: Summary. Washington Kids Count/University of WA: Seattle, WA. Available: http://www.hspc.org/wkc/special/pdf/peer_sub_091200.pdf • 2Lane, J., Gerstein, D., Huang, L., & Wright, D. (1998). Risk and protective factors for adolescent drug use: Findings from the 1997 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Available: http://www.samhsa.gov/hhsurvey/hhsurvey.html; Bray, J.W., Zarkin, G.A., Ringwalt, C., & Qi, J. (2000). Health Economics. “The relationship between marijuana initiation and dropping out of high school.” 9(1), 9-18.

32. SDFSC Authorized Activities Increase Academic Achievement • Drug prevention is clearly a critical component to ensuring the academic success of our youth. The State Grants portion of the SDFSC is the only source of funding for school based prevention that directly targets all of America’s youth in grades K-12 with drug and alcohol prevention and intervention services, and it serves more than 37 million youth per year with the following authorized activities: • Life Skills Training • Project Alert • Olweus Bullying Prevention • Strengthening Families • Steps to Respect • Second Step • Project Northland • Reconnecting Youth • Project SUCCESS • Student Assistance Programs • Lions Quest Programs • Recent evidence supports the fact that “social and emotional learning” programs increase academic achievement, and help students avoid engaging in high-risk behaviors such as illegal drug use.1The primary Federal program currently funding “social and emotional learning” programs, such as Life Skills Training, is the SDFSC program. 1Zins, J.E., Payton, J.W., Weissberg, R.P., & O'Brien, M.U. (2007). In G. Matthews, M. Zeidner, & R. D. Roberts (Eds.), The science of emotional intelligence: Knowns and unknowns. New York: Oxford University Press.

33. SDFSC Programs Throughout the Country Have Achieved Measurable Results

34. 06-07 Washington Student Substance Use Outcomes Achieved from SDFSC & Other Leveraged Funds

35. Janesville School DistrictWisconsin • SDFSC Funds Support: • An alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) coordinator • The implementation of science based and/or social and emotional learning curricula/programs • Staff development and training for employees • Outcomes Achieved: • 50% decrease in student belief that drinking is way to have fun • 40% decrease in student belief that binge drinking is okay • 100% 4th Graders can identify that alcohol damages brain, heart and liver

36. Lee County, Florida SDFSC Program • Used SDFSC funds to conduct needs assessment and used this data to choose and implement three science based “social and emotional learning” prevention programs: Lion’s Quest Skills for Adolescence, Too Good for Drugs, and Second Step • Outcomes Achieved: • Past 30 day use of alcohol decreased by 16.3%, from 35.6% in 2002 to 29.8% in 2004. • Past 30 day use of marijuana decreased at a rate of 23.8%, from 15.1% in 2002 to 11.5% in 2004. • Past 30 day use of cigarettes decreased at a rate of 15.2%, from 12.5% in 2002 to 10.6% in 2004.

37. SDFSC Program Effectively Addresses Meth Crisis Through the 20% Governor’s Set Aside and the LEA Portion of the Program

38. 20% Governor’s Set Aside • The State of Idaho used the 20% Governor’s Set Aside to develop a Meth Task Force comprised of community members throughout the state to address meth use. • The Task Force develops and distributes meth tool kits, which include videos, charts, posters, brochures and various informational articles focusing on meth prevention to communities throughout the state. • Idaho has seen great decreases in the prevalence of meth use. For example: Lifetime Meth Use Lifetime Meth Use Percent of 12th Grade Students Percent of 10th Grade Students Decreased at a rate of 51.9%, from 10.4% in 1996 to 5.0% in 2004. Decreased at a rate of 41.0%, from 6.9% in 1998 to 4.6% in 2004.

39. LEA Portion • A coalition in Reinbeck, Iowa worked in conjunction with SDFSC program coordinators to develop a state certified mentoring program and became a certified SAFE (Substance Abuse Free Environment) community. • Funding from the SDFSC program was used to purchase and implement science-based curricula for the Strengthening Families, Project Alert and Life Skills Training prevention programs. • Through collaboration with community members, local businesses and law enforcement officials, the coalition was able to implement the MethWatch program in their community, which promotes cooperation between retailers and law enforcement to curtail the theft and suspicious sales of products used to manufacture meth. • In addition, the cooperation of multiple community sectors also helped to create the Get a Grip program, which focuses on youth substance abuse screening, intervention and treatment referrals. Students Who Have NEVER Used Meth in the Past 30 Days Past 30 Day Use of Meth Percent of 12th Grade Students Percent of 11th Grade Students Decreased at a rate of 100.0%, from 5.0% in 1999 to 0.0% in 2003. Increased at a rate of 3.2%, from 96.1% in 2004 to 99.2% in 2005.

40. SDFSC Is Portal Into Schools for Other Federal, State and Local Programs and Funding

41. SDFSC Funded Programs Are the Portal Into Schools and Provide the School Based Component For Community Based Prevention Efforts • Partnership Examples • Community Anti-Drug Coalitions • SAMHSA Prevention and Treatment Block Grant Activities/Services • Student Drug Testing • Alcohol Use and Reduction Program • School drug and alcohol surveys used as data collection mechanism, baseline and outcome measures for many other programs

42. LEAs Maximize Small Amounts of Money

43. LEAs Develop Consortia • LEAs receiving a small amount of money develop consortia to pool their resources to provide optimally effective programs and services. For example, in Wisconsin, the CESA 8 Drug Free Schools Consortium, which is comprised of 21 small, rural school districts, have pooled their SDFSC funds and have realized the following collective successes that are attributable directly to Title IV (a) funding: • 1274 Educators/Administrators have been trained in alcohol, tobacco and violence prevention strategies; • 7400 student peer mentors have been trained via CESA 8 Rural Middle/High School Teen Institutes and Related Youth Training/Awareness Days; • 814 Programs have been offered in 135 communities centering on parent trainings relating to alcohol, tobacco, other drugs and violence prevention; • The creation of the CESA 8/Viterbo University Rural Masters in Education with an ATOD/Violence Prevention emphasis (55 Master Degrees conferred); • The creation of two online Pre K-12 Rural Traffic Safety /ATOD and Violence Prevention curriculum (over 420,000 visits to these websites); • The creation of six rural county-wide youth/adult broad based substance abuse and violence prevention partnerships. Over the past 19 years these partnerships have involved over 2,100 youth and adults, representing rural business, community agencies and schools, law enforcement and faith communities.

44. LEAs Develop Consortia • As a result, the CESA 8 Drug Free Schools Consortium has achieved the following results in the past two years (2006-2008): • A 10.2% increase (34.6% rate of change) in youth who DO NOT begin drinking alcohol before age 14, from 29.5% in 2005 to 39.7% in 2008. • A 7.5% reduction (16.8% rate of change) in the number of middle and high school students who reported having one or more drinks of alcohol in the past 30 days, 44.7% in 2006 to 37.2% in 2008. • An 11.2% reduction (17.3% rate of change) in the number of youth who reported binge drinking in the past 30 days, from 64.9% in 2006 to 53.7% in 2008.

45. Historically Leveraging and Partnerships Have Been the Norm • The following are examples of the groups and/or businesses that LEAs have traditionally partnered with to leverage funds: • County Prosecutor’s Offices • Drug Free Community Coalitions • Lions Quest • Local boards of education • Local businesses and agencies • Local civic/community groups • Local Education Councils • Local levy dollars to serve as matching funds • Local medical centers • Local School District funds • Parental contributions • Philanthropic and in-kind donations • Private grant funding • United Way Chapters

46. Historically Leveraging and Partnerships Have Been the Norm • As a result of these leveraged funds and partnerships, LEAs have implement science based programs. • For example, Lions Quest provides a $10 million match per year to LEAs throughout the country so they can implement the Lions Quest curricula, a science based program, in their schools.

47. Conclusion • The State Grants portion of the SDFSC program must be maintained. If it is not: • States Throughout the Country Will Be Left Without: • Anyfunding to support school-based drug prevention • Any foundational funding and manpower that is currently leveraged by the program including, the capacity of schools to compete for national grants • Schools Throughout the Country Will Be Left Without: • Any points of contact for substance abuse prevention and intervention activities. • Any school based representation in community wide efforts to deal with drug use and violence among school-aged youth. • Students Throughout the Country Will Be Left Without: • Any drug or alcohol prevention in schools and far less violence prevention programming.