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September 22 nd , 2011

Second Declension Neuters ; Adjectives; Present Indicative of Sum; Predicate Nouns and Adjectives; Substantive Adjectives; Future and Imperfect Tenses in the First and Second Conjugations; “- er ” Adjectives. September 22 nd , 2011. Second Declension Neuter Nouns. Singular Nom – um .

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September 22 nd , 2011

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  1. Second Declension Neuters; Adjectives; Present Indicative of Sum; Predicate Nouns and Adjectives; Substantive Adjectives; Future and Imperfect Tenses in the First and Second Conjugations; “-er” Adjectives September 22nd, 2011

  2. Second Declension Neuter Nouns Singular • Nom – um. • Gen – i. • Dat – o. • Acc – um. • Abl – o. Plural • Nom –a. • Gen – orum. • Dat – is. • Acc – a. • Abl – is. • Cf. Wheelock, pp. 24-25.

  3. Declension of 1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives • Adjectives of the first and second declensions have masculine, feminine, or neuter endings (i.e. Magnus, magna, magnum; cf. Wheelock pp. 25-6). • Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in Gender, Number, and Case. • Decline meus, -a, -um (= my) for each gender.

  4. Unusual Adjectives Ending in –er. • Like some second declension masculine nouns that end in –er in the nominative singular, some first and second declension adjectives also end in –er in the masculine, nominative singular. • Otherwise decline like any 1st or 2nd declension adjective. • Cf. Wheelock, p. 33.

  5. Substantives • Adjectives that modify a noun are attributive adjectives. • Substantives = Adjectives used as nouns. • Bona = “good” OR “a good woman” OR “good things.” • Boni = “good” OR “the good men” etc. • If an adjective stands alone (i.e. Does not modify a noun) it might be a substantive. • Always pay attention to the gender and number. • Cf. Wheelock, p. 27

  6. Present Indicative of Sum Singular: • 1st Person – Sum = I am. • 2nd Person – Es = You are. • 3rd Person – Est = She/He/It is. Plural: • 1st Person – Sumus = We are. • 2nd Person – Estis = You are. • 3rd Person – Sunt = They are. Infinitive – Esse – To be.

  7. Predicate Nouns and Adjectives • Sum is an intransitive verb (i.e. It takes no direct object). • Copulative verb (i.e. Connects two elements in a sentence). • The copulative verb “to be” equates the subject of a sentence with its predicate (i.e. Caesar is a great man – Caesar estvirmagnusOR Caesar estmagnus). • Note that the predicate adjective (and/or noun) agrees with the subject in number and case) – Amicaesuntbonae = The girlfriends are good. • Note that in cases of multiple subjects the predicate adjective agrees with the closest one, although often the masculine is used (i.e. The boy and girl are good – Puer et puellasuntboni.).

  8. Future Tense of First and Second Conjugations • Future tense of first two conjugations characterized by verb stem + bi + personal endings (-o, -s, -t, -mus, -tis,- nt). Laudo, -are (to praise). • 1st – Laudabo = I shall praise. • 2nd – Laudabis = You will praise. • 3rd – Laudabit = He/She/It will praise. • 1st – Laudabimus = We shall praise. • 2nd – Laudabitis = You will praise. • 3rd – Laudabunt = They will praise. • Moneo, -ere (to advise). • 1st – Monebo – I shall advise. • 2nd – Monebis = You will advise. • 3rd – Monebit = He/She/It will advise. • 1st – Monebimus = We shall advise. • 2nd – Monebitis = You will advise. • 3rd – Monebunt = They will advise.

  9. Conjugate “Erro, -are” (I wander, I err etc.) in the Future Indicative Active.

  10. Conjugate “Terreo, -ere” (to frighten, terrify) in the Future Indicative Active.

  11. The Imperfect Tense • Imperfect comes from imperfectum “incomplete.” • Connotes action in the past that is ongoing, as opposed to action in the past that simply completed. Examples: • Caesar conquered Gaul (Perfect – completed action). BUT • Caesar was conquering Gaul (Imperfect – incomplete or ongoing action). • Translate as “was _ing” OR “used to _.” • Imperfect tense for 1st and 2nd conjugations characterized by: verb stem + ba + personal endings.

  12. Imperfect Tense of 1st and 2nd Conjugations Laudo, -are Moneo -ere • Laudabam – I was praising, used to praise. • Laudabas – You were praising, used to praise. • Laudabat – He/She/It was praising, used to praise. • Laudabamus – We were praising, used to praise. • Laudabatis – You were praising, used to praise. • Laudabant – They were praising, used to praise. • Monebam – I was advising, used to advise. • Monebas – You were advising, used to advise. • Monebat – He/She/It was advising, used to advise. • Monebamus – We were advising, used to advise. • Monebatis – You were advising, used to advise. • Monebant – They were advising, used to advise.

  13. Conjugate “Terreo, -ere” (to frighten, terrify) in the Imperfect Indicative Active.

  14. Conjugate “Erro, -are” (I wander, I err etc.) in the Imperfect Indicative Active.

  15. SententiaeAntiquae, p. 35

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