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IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS

IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS. By. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad. Lecturer of Medical Microbiology and Immunology. TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY. Active acquired immunity . Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity Passive acquired immunity . Natural passive immunity

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IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS

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  1. IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS By Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad Lecturer of Medical Microbiology and Immunology

  2. TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  3. Active acquired immunity. • Natural active immunity • Artificial active immunity • Passive acquired immunity. • Natural passive immunity • Artificial passive immunity • Passive active acquired immunity. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  4. 1. ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  5. On exposure to foreign antigen, the individual actively produces his own antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes. • Immunity develops slowly. • But lasts for a long time due to development of immunological memory. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  6. It can be: • Natural active immunity: • It follows infections such as measles. • Artificial active immunity: • It follows vaccination. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  7. 2. PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  8. Ready made antibodies are transferred to the individual. • Immunity develops rapidly. • But, it lasts only for a short time. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  9. It can be: • Natural passive immunity: • Antibodies transferred from the mother to the fetus through placenta (IgG) and colostrum (IgA). • Protect the newborn only during first 6 months. • Artificial passive immunity: • Antitoxic serum in prevention of tetanus and diphtheria. • Administration of human immunoglobulin and convalescent sera. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  10. 3. PASSIVE ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  11. Giving both performed antibodies to give immediate protection and vaccine for long term protection. • Examples: Post exposure prophylaxis in tetanus, rabies, hepatitis B. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  12. TYPES OF VACCINES Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  13. Killed vaccines. • TAB vaccine for typhoid and paratyphoid fever. • Salk vaccine for poliomyelitis. • Rabies vaccine for rabies. • Living attenuated vaccines. • Sabin vaccine for poliomyelitis. • BCG vaccine for tuberculosis. • MMR vaccine for measles, mumps, rubella. • 17D vaccine for yellow fever. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  14. 3. Toxoids. • Prepared by detoxifying the toxins of some bacteria. • Such as : toxoid vaccine for diphtheria & tetanus. 4. Vaccines prepared from bacterial or viral fractions. • Capsular polysaccharide vaccine for pneumococci, meningococci, Hemophilus influenza type b. • Acellular purified protein vaccine for Bordetella pertussis. • Surface antigen of hepatitis B virus. 5. Recombinant vaccines. • Prepared by recombinant DNA technology such as hepatitis B vaccine. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  15. CONCERNS ABOUT VACCINES Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  16. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

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  19. NEW VACCINES Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  20. Subunit vaccines • Microbial polypeptides are isolated from the infective material. • Example:influenza vaccine. • Synthetic peptide vaccine • Synthesis of short peptides that correspond to microbial proteins. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  21. Induction of attenuated non-reverting mutation • Attenuate the virus irreversibly by removing genes necessary for virulence. • Recombinant avirulent vector vaccine • The gene coding for the antigen is inserted into the genome of avirulent vector such as vaccinia virus which will then be administered as a vaccine. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  22. Recombinant antigen vaccines • Microbial antigens are synthesized by inserting the coding gene into E. coli or yeast cell. • Example:hepatitis B vaccine. • DNA vaccine • Gene encoding microbial antigen is carried on a plasmid vector which is injected in the muscle of the recipient. • The DNA is taken by the muscle cells and the microbial antigen is synthesized leading to stimulation of both humoral and cell mediated immunity. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  23. Anti idiotypic antibodies • If Fab fragment of antibody specific for an antigen is injected in a mouse, the antibody produced in the mouse is called anti idiotypic antibody and its structure mimics the original antigen. • Locally administered vaccines • Intranasally administered vaccines are used for viral respiratory diseases to stimulate local immunity (IgA) at the portal of entry. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  24. SCHEDULE OF VACCINATION Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  25. Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

  26. Thank You Dr. Emad AbdElhameed Morad

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