World History

1. World History Junior Blitz

2. Day 1 Agenda • Welcome • Expectations • Review of the Renaissance

3. Test Taking Tips #1 Read everything Carefully- many of the GHSGT questions involve short articles, tables, charts, and graphs. All test questions require careful reading of the directions and the questions and four answers.

4. Test Taking Tip # 2 • There are NO Trick Questions- while it is important to read each question carefully, we have not included any trick questions. You should not spend too much time trying to figure out what we really mean. If you read the entire questions (including all accompanying material), then the real meaning should be clear. We do not consider requiring a careful reading of the entire question to be a trick.

5. Test Taking Tip # 3 • Consider Every Question- You must choose, from the four alternatives, the answer that best addresses the question. Some of the alternatives (distractors) will be attractive because they include an irrelevant detail, a common misconception, or apply the right information in the wrong way.

6. Practice Question • While both Italian and Northern Renaissance writers held humanist views, Northern Renaissance writers such as Desiderius Erasmus focused more on • nature. • politics. • religion. • science.

7. Correct Answer: C • Northern Renaissance writers such as Erasmus focused more on religion than on other worldly ideas. Erasmus, for example, believed that people should study the Bible and wrote The Praise of Folly, an essay which ends with an outline of true Christian ideals.

8. Practice Question • What was an important impact of the astrolabe in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s? • It helped engineers use Newton’s laws to invent new machines. • It improved the ability of explorers to navigate across far distances. • It increased the efficiency of book printing through the use of movable type. • It provided new evidence that supported Kelper’s laws of planetary motion.

9. Correct Answer B • The astrolabe is an astronomical instrument used by European explorers during the 1500s and 1600s to determine the ships latitude. This improved the ability of explores to navigate far distances during this time.

10. SSWH13. The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans. [QCC standards WH10, WH12, WH13]

11. 1 What Was the Renaissance? • The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in many areas–political, social, economic, and cultural. Perhaps most important, however, were the changes that took place in the way people viewed themselves and their world. • Renaissance thinkers explored the human experience in the here and now. They emphasized individual achievement. • The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields.

12. a. Explain the social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise ofFlorence and the ideas of Machiavelli.

13. 1 Renaissance Italy

14. 1 Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy? The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. Italy had been the center of the Roman empire. The cities of Italy had survived the Middle Ages and grown into prosperous centers of trade and manufacturing. A wealthy merchant class in the Italian city-states stressed education and individual achievement and spent lavishly on the arts. Florence produced an amazing number of gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists.

15. Machiavelli • The Prince is an intensely practical guide to the exercise of raw political power over a Renaissance principality. • Allowing for the unpredictable influence of fortune, Machiavelli argued that it is primarily the character or vitality or skill of the individual leader that determines the success of any state. • The book surveys various bold means of acquiring and maintaining the principality and evaluates each of them solely by reference to its likelihood of augmenting the glory of the prince while serving the public interest. • It is this focus on practical success by any means, even at the expense of traditional moral values, that earned Machiavelli's scheme a reputation for ruthlessness, deception, and cruelty.

16. b. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, the “Renaissanceman,” and Michelangelo.

17. 1 Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art LEONARDO MICHELANGELO Renaissance Man Made sketches of nature and of models Dissected corpses to learn how the human body worked Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Studied botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet Sculpted the Pietaand statue of David Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome Designed the dome for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome Renaissance Man and, less commonly, Homo Universalis (Latin for "universal man" or "man of the world") are related and used to describe a person who is well educated or who excels in a wide variety of subjects or fields.

18. c. Explain the main characteristics of humanism; include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante, andErasmus.

19. 1 Humanism At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism. Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. Humanists studied the humanities, the subjects taught in ancient Greece and Rome. They believed that education should stimulate creativity.

20. 2 Northern Humanists Like their Italian counterparts, northern humanists stressed education and classical learning. At the same time, they believed that the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring about religious and moral reforms. Desiderius Erasmus called for reform of the church and for the bible to be translated from Latin into the vernacular, or language of ordinary people.

21. The writings of Dante, and particularly the doctrines of Petrarch and humanists like Machiavelli, emphasized the virtues of intellectual freedom and individual expression.

22. d. Analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation; include the ideas of Martin Lutherand John Calvin.

23. 3 The Protestant Reformation In the 1500s, calls for reform unleashed forces that would shatter Christian unity. The movement is known as the Protestant Reformation. People who joined the movement for reform called themselves Protestants, for those who “protested” papal authority.

24. 3 Abuses in the Church Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs. • Popes competed with Italian princes for political power. • Popes fought long wars to protect the Papal States against invaders. • Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences. • Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great deal of money on the arts. • The Church increased fees for services such as weddings and baptisms to finance worldly projects.

25. 3 The Teachings of Martin Luther • Salvation is achieved through faith alone. Luther rejected Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation. • The Bible is the sole source of religious truth. Luther denied other authorities, such as Church councils or the pope. • All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible. Luther rejected the idea that priests and Church officials had special powers.

26. 3 Luther’s ideas spread quickly in northern Germany and Scandinavia. Why Did Lutheranism Receive Widespread Support? • Many clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption. • German princes hoped to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor. • Germans supported Luther because of feelings of national loyalty. • Peasants hoped that Luther would support social and economic change.

27. 3 John Calvin The most important Protestant reformer to follow Martin Luther was John Calvin. • Calvin followed most of the teachings of Martin Luther. He also preached predestination, the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. • In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracyin Geneva. A theocracy is a government run by Church leaders. • By the late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland. • In several of these countries, Calvinists faced opposition and persecution from other religious groups.

28. 4 Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects Peasants’ Revolt Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches Weakening of Holy Roman Empire Luther calls for Jews to be expelled from Christian lands Religious wars in Europe Catholic Reformation Strengthening of the Inquisition Jewish migration to Eastern Europe Increased anti-Semitism

29. 4 Widespread Persecution During this period of heightened religious passion, both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance. Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics. Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly women, died as victims of witch hunts. In some places, Jews were forced to live in ghettos, or separate quarters of the city. In other places, they were expelled from Christian lands and their books and synagogues were burned.

30. e. Describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits.

31. 4 The Catholic Reformation Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform movement within the Catholic Church. Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll back the Protestant tide. To accomplish these goals, he: • Called the Council of Trent to establish the direction that reform should take; • Strengthened the Inquisition; • Recognized a new religious order, the Jesuits, to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith.

32. f. Describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

33. 4 England and the Church In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, or cancel, his marriage. The pope refused Henry’s request. Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and created the Church of England. Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant reforms to England. Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake. Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between Protestants and Catholics.

34. g. Explain the importance of Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press.

35. 2 The Printing Revolution A printing revolution took place when: • In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks. • Movable type was developed twenty years later. IMPACT: • Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce. • With books more readily available, more people learned to read. • Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas.

36. Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain are MOST associated with the exploration and settling of • A) Quebec and New France. • B) Jamestown and Roanoke. • C) Haiti and New Orleans. • D) St. Augustine and Miami.

37. Correct Answer A • Though their time periods span a range of nearly 100 years, Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain are MOST associated with the foundation of French settlements in Quebec and New France. They were active in the 1530s, and early 1600s respectively.

38. Correct Answer A • The work by people such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Andreas Vesalius, and William Harvey in the Scientific Revolution was made possible by advances during the • A) Renaissance.   • B) Enlightenment. • C) Age of Exploration. • D) Protestant Reformation

39. The advances of the Scientific Revolution would not have been possible if not for the work of people like Galileo in the Renaissance. Scholars of the Renaissance rediscovered the works of Greek and Roman scientists and began improving upon them. This led to the period that historians eventually called the Scientific Revolution.

40. SSWH10. The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and expansion into the Americas, Africa, and Asia. [QCC standard WH11]

41. 1 Why Did Europeans Cross the Seas? • As Europe’s population recovered from the Black Death, the demand for trade goods grew. • Europeans wanted spices. • European merchants wanted to gain direct access to the riches of Asia. • Some voyagers still wanted to crusade against the Muslims. • Others were inspired by the Renaissance spirit to learn about distant lands.

42. 1 Early Voyages of European Exploration, 1487–1609

43. a. Explain the roles of explorers and conquistadors; include Vasco da Gama, ChristopherColumbus, Ferdinand Magellan, and Samuel de Champlain.

44. 1 Portugal’s Voyages to the East In 1497, Vasco da Gama reached the spice port of Calicut in India. In 1502, da Gama forced a treaty on Calicut. The Portuguese seized key ports around the Indian Ocean to create a vast trading empire.

45. 1 Columbus’s Voyages to the West Backed by Spain, Christopher Columbus tried to reach the Indies, in Southeast Asia, by sailing west across the Atlantic. Columbus believed that the land that he reached was the Indies. In fact, he had found a route to continents previously unknown to Europeans. These lands later became known as the West Indies.

46. When Columbus returned, Spain and Portugal both rushed to claim the lands Columbus had explored. Pope Alexander VI set a Line of Demarcation, giving to Spain rights to any land west of the line and to Portugal, rights to any land east of the line.

47. 1 Exploring the Americas Europeans continued to seek new routes around or through the Americas. Ferdinand Magellan charted a passage around the southern tip of South America and gave the Pacific Ocean its name. His crew became the first people to circumnavigate, or sail around, the world. Samuel de Champlain founded New France in the Americas. In modern times New France is called Quebec.

48. b. Define the Columbian Exchange and its global economic and cultural impact.

49. When Columbus returned to Spain in 1493, he brought with him “new” plants and animals. Later that year, he returned to the Americas with some 1,200 settlers and a collection of European animals and plants. In this way, Columbus began a vast global exchange that would have a profound effect on the world. 5 The Columbian Exchange

50. 5 A Commercial Revolution The opening of direct links with Asia, Africa, and the Americas had far-reaching economic consequences for Europeans. Prices began to rise in Europe, as part of the cycle of inflation. European inflation had several causes: • As the population grew, the demand for goods and services rose. • Because goods were scarce, sellers could raise their prices. • The increased flow of gold and silver from the Americas led to more money in circulation. Expanded trade and the push for overseas empires spurred the growth of European capitalism, the investment of money to make a profit. Entrepreneurs and capitalists made up a new business class. Together they helped change the local European economy into an international trading system.