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Introduction to Cellular Technology

Introduction to Cellular Technology. Jonathan Wells PhD MBA President, AJIS LLC 11 th March 2013. Huge Cellular Phone Advances. History of Wireless Communications. Early days: bonfires, smoke signals, flags 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction

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Introduction to Cellular Technology

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  1. Introduction to Cellular Technology Jonathan Wells PhD MBAPresident, AJIS LLC11th March 2013 Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  2. Huge Cellular Phone Advances Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  3. History of Wireless Communications • Early days: bonfires, smoke signals, flags • 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction • 1864 Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetic waves • 1886 Hertz demonstrates waves travelling through space • 1895 Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy • 1907 Commercial transatlantic connections • 1915 Wireless voice transmission New York to San Francisco • 1928 First broadcast TV trials • 1958 First mobile phone system • A-Netz in Germany Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  4. A-Netz “Mobile” Phones Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  5. First Generation “1G” • Introduced in 1980s • Analog only • Motorola DynaTAC • 6 March 1983, first commercial cellphone • 30 minutes of talk time, 8 hours of standby • Memory for 30 numbers • Priced at $3,995 Dr. Martin Cooper “Father” of the modern mobile phone Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  6. Second Generation “2G” • Introduced in 1990s • Digital technology • Digital voice and basic data • Introduction of SMS • Numerous different flavors • CDMAOne in USA • GSM in Rest of World • Several other regional versions • Many systems still operational Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  7. Wide Global 2G Usage Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  8. Third Generation “3G” • Introduced in 2000s • Digital voice and “broadband” data • Variety of formats • Phones, dongles, tablets • Still regional flavors • CDMA2000 in USA • WCDMA in USA and Rest of World • Designed to operate with fallback to 2G • Widely adopted worldwide Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  9. 3G Challenge: Convergence Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  10. Fourth Generation “4G” • Introduced in 2010s • Digital voice and “ultra broadband” data • Only one flavor – LTE (Long Term Evolution) • Universal, global adoption planned • IP-based technology (as is Internet) • Designed to operate with 3G and 2G systems • Technically, much debate over what is 4G • Many vendors market 3G technology as 4G • Strictly, even LTE doesn’t meet some technical 4G definitions Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  11. 4G Challenge: Revenue & Traffic Decoupled • Voice generates 80% revenue • Data traffic >> voice traffic Costs follow traffic line! Heavy reading, May 2007 Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  12. What About 5G? • Likely technology for 2020’s • However we’ll see 5G hype start soon • Conferences and workshops on “5G” • Vendors marketing “4G” systems as “5G” Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  13. Cellular Infrastructure Service area (cell) Base Station Many factors affect cell size Technology, geography, power, coverage requirements, … 100 m to 30 km

  14. Cell Site Ideal cell area (typically 1 mile radius) BS Cell MS MS Hexagonal cell area used in most models Illustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base station

  15. BS BS BS BS BS BS BS Cellular Coverage Service area

  16. Cellular Mobility: Handoff

  17. Cellular Network Infrastructure Home phone PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network MSC: Mobile Switching Center BSC: Base Station Controller BS: Base Station MS: Mobile Station PSTN … MSC MSC … … BSC BSC BSC BSC … … … … MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS

  18. Next Generation Networks integration of heterogeneous fixed andmobile networks with varyingtransmission characteristics regional vertical hand-over • Satellite • GPS • Cellular • Wireless LAN • Wireless PAN • Home Networking • Ad Hoc Networks • Sensor Networks • Bluetooth metropolitan area campus-based horizontal hand-over in-house

  19. Network Network OSI Reference Model Application Application Transport Transport Network Network Data Link Data Link Data Link Data Link Physical Physical Physical Physical Medium Radio

  20. service location new applications, multimedia adaptive applications congestion and flow control quality of service addressing, routing, device location hand-over authentication media access multiplexing media access control encryption modulation interference attenuation frequency OSI Model Application layer Transport layer Network layer Data link layer Physical layer

  21. Wireless Transmit and Receive Antenna Information to be transmitted (Voice/Data) Coding Modulator Transmitter Carrier Antenna Information received (Voice/Data) Decoding Demodulator Receiver Carrier

  22. Coding 11100110111111111110001000110101….. Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  23. Modulation 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 Digital Signal Carrier Signal Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  24. Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  25. Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  26. 1G Transmission • FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access • Inefficient use of limited spectrum • Number users limited by spectrum available Frequency 1 User 1 Frequency 2 User 2 … … Frequency n User n Mobile Stations Base Station

  27. 2G Transmission • TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access • Much better use of limited spectrum • Number users limited by timeslots available Time 1 User 1 Time 2 User 2 … … … Time n User n Mobile Stations Base Station

  28. FDMA and TDMA Comparison Frequency Frequency User n … … User 1 User 2 User n User 2 User 1 Time Time

  29. 3G Transmission • CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access • Multiply each user signal by a known code, such that multiple users can coexist “on top of” one another • Complex, but supports high number of users with efficient use of spectrum

  30. FDMA/TDMA/CDMA Analogy Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  31. Summary • Blah, blah, blah Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

  32. AJIS LLC Wireless Technology Consulting Jonathan Wells PhD MBA President 2470 Sanderling Drive Pleasanton, CA 94566 Cell: +1 925 200 5124 jonathan@ajisconsulting.com www.ajisconsulting.com Thank You For Listening! Jonathan Wells, AJIS LLC www.ajisconsulting.com

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