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Europe in crisis. Disease, war, and schism. Europe in crisis: disease. The Bubonic Plague Known as the Black Death only from 1346-1353 in Europe. Enzootic Meaning it was contracted by humans from animals. Where did it come from? Originated in Asia Probably China
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Europe in crisis Disease, war, and schism
Europe in crisis: disease The Bubonic Plague • Known as the Black Death only from 1346-1353 in Europe. • Enzootic • Meaning it was contracted by humans from animals. Where did it come from? • Originated in Asia • Probably China • First outbreak is seen around Lake IssykKulin Kyrgyzstan in 1338 How was it spread? • By the old Silk Road, both via land routes and sea routes
Europe in crisis: disease First Signs of a Pandemic • Crops up in the Byzantine Empire in the 6th & 7th centuries. • Known as the Plague of Justinian • Wipes out possibly 40% of the population of Constantinople. Why do you think it took so long for the plague to become a world wide pandemic? Do you think Europe was more susceptible to the plague than other parts of the world? Why?
Europe in crisis: disease A Weak Europe is Easy Prey for the Plague • A warming trend comes to a close in the North Atlantic region (950-1250 c.e.) • A “little ice age” begins (1350-1850 c.e.) • Higher fertility rates (5 per woman) • Less food • More people ---- Which leads to what? • Heavy rains begin to hit Europe by the fall of 1314 • Cold and wet winters make harvests worse. • Seven year famine results – The Great Famine What problems do you foresee arising from a shifting climate? • Lower yield harvests • New heavy plow and three-field system weren’t as effective in the north – harder clay soil.
Europe in crisis: disease How It Spread • Oct. 1347 it reaches Sicily, brought by ships coming from Genoa. • Outbreak in Pisa that spread through Northern Italy. • A ship expelled from Italy reached Marseille, France in Jan 1348. • After France it hit Spain, Portugal, and England by June 1348. • It spread east through Scandinavia and Germany by 1350.
Danse Macabre “The Dance of Death” • Ankle length over-coat. • Bird like beak mask. • Gloves, boots, brimmed hat, cloak.
Danse Macabre “The Dance of Death” Michael Wolgemut
Danse Macabre “The Dance of Death” BerntNokte St. Nicholas Church, Estonia
Europe in crisis: disease Consequences of the Black Death in Europe • Better sanitation – Pistoia (city in Tuscany), decreed that butchers and sellers of meat can’t stable horses or allow any mud or dung inside a shop where meat is sold. • Religious fundamentalism – whipping in order to placate god. • Persecutions against Jews • Art – the Dance of Death • Rise in the standard of living • Rise in education – new universities founded
Europe in crisis: War • England dominated the first three phases. • The Kingdom of Burgundy was created that allied itself with England for a time. • Fourth Phase and a turnaround for the French. • 1429, Joan shows up at the royal court in full armor, riding a horse, and followed by a small army. • She fights and wins the Battle of Orleans – convincing the French crown (Charles VII) she is sent from God.
Europe in crisis: War • Edward’s campaigns in France achieved little. • Invaded again at Normandy in 1346 • Philip musters troops to meet him at Crecy • English victory, but not decisive. • Black Prince launches pirate raids in France. • French finally force a battle • King John II is captured in the French defeat. • Ends the 1st phase of the war. • Peace treaty in 1359 • English ransom John back to the French • English territories in Gascony are enlarged • Edward renounced claims to the French throne • John gives up control over English lands in France. • First phase makes it clear that the English cannot takeover all of France.
Europe in crisis: War • Treaty wasn’t really enforced • French recover all their lost lands under John’s son Charles V. • English Renew War • Strike when France is going through civil war • Burgundy and Orleans try to control the French crown • Henry V invades in 1415 at Battle of Agincourt • French loss and English ally themselves with Burgundy • Force Charles VI to sign a treaty wedding Henry V to his daughter. • By 1420 the English rule northern France
Europe in crisis: War Who Will Save the French….? • Apparently all it takes is a teenage girl. • Joan of Arc • Experience religious visions • Persuades the French king to allow her to accompany them. • Predicts that Charles (Charles VI son) will sit on the throne of France. • Captured by Burgundy and turned over to the English. • Her exploits give new life to the French they go on to win the war • Cannon (gunpowder) • England loses commanders and their was political instability.
Europe in crisis: Schism Background • By 1300 the papacy had reached its zenith. • 1290: Both England and France taxed landed estates and bishoprics (secular area of land ruled by a clerical office). • Pope Boniface VIII (1302) says no taxation of the clergy by civil rulers. • Issues papal bull, Unam Sanctum – outside the Roman church there is no salvation, all human creatures are subject to the Roman pontiff. • Philip sends (France) sends troops to arrest Boniface. • Boniface died soon after and French influence elects a pope that is more subservient to France.
Europe in crisis: Schism Clement V – (1305) • Using the excuse of turbulence in Rome, he takes up residence at Avignon. • The Pope is the bishop of Rome • He is the successor of Saint Peter, considered to be the first bishop of Rome. • It damages the image of the papacy for the pontiff to reside elsewhere • By the 1330s the popes began to construct a stately palace in Avignon.
Europe in crisis: Schism • The Church begins to adapt to the times as the other growing monarchical states • Builds the most sophisticated administrative system in the medieval world • Finding new sources of revenue • Impose new taxes on the clergy • Began to be criticized for the splendor in which they are living in. • Catherine of Siena goes on a mission to pope Gregory XI • Wants him to move the papacy back to Rome and live more modestly. • He does in 1377
Europe in crisis: Schism Greg Dies in the next Year • College of cardinals meets to elect new pope • Roman citizens say that if they elect a Frenchman, they wont leave Rome alive. • They elect a Roman – Pope Urban VI • Says he will get rid of the French majority • French cardinals issue a manifesto claiming they were coerced into voting for a Roman. • They vote again and choose a Frenchman – Pope Clement VII • Promptly return to Avignon • Urban remained in Rome • Now we have two popes…
Europe in crisis: Schism Urban VI Clement VII France Spain Scotland Southern Italy • England • Germany • Scandinavia • Most of the rest of Italy
Europe in crisis: Schism The Great Schism • Greatly aggravated the abuses of the Church • Had to increase taxation • Hurt Christian faith in the Church • Each line of popes denounced the other as the antichrist… Classy. How to Fix This Thing? • The rise of the conciliar movement • Says that the church is only part of society and that they have no authority over temporal matters • Church authority is derived from the entire community of the faithful • Spiritual matters must decided by a general church council representing all church members
Europe in crisis: Schism How Should Call the Council? • Cardinals from both camps call one • Council of Pisa (1409) • Depose both popes and elect Alexander V • The other two popes refuse to step down • Now we got three popes… You can’t have three popes. Holy Roman Emperor Calls a New Council • Remain popes either retire or are deposed • Martin V is elected and Great Schism is over
Europe in crisis: Schism The Great Schism • The papacy briefly returns to Rome in 1378. • Cardinals elect Pope Urban VI, but regret it soon after. • They retreat to Anagni and elect a second pope, Clement VII (antipope: one who is opposition to the accepted pope but with a significant claim to that authority). • Clement VII moves his papacy back to Avignon.
Consolidating Power: Nation Building 1340-1492 • North and Eastern Europe form loose alliances • The Swiss form a confederation • Italy goes from small city-states to five major powers • Spain unifies and centralizes under a monarchy • France and England strengthen their central gov’ts. How did the monarchs and republics of the 15th century use their newly consolidated powers?
Consolidating Power: Nation Building Hanseatic League (Hanse means “guild”) • Mainly north German cities (in the Holy Roman Empire). • Came together to protect mutual interests • Trade • Defense • The League linked the Baltic Coast with Russia, Norway, England, and some cities in Italy • Usually threatened with war from Norway and Denmark. • They shared common armies during times of crisis
France (15th century) • Before Louis XI (Valois Family) French kings usually only controlled the lands around Paris • Burgundy emerged from the 100 Years’ War agriculturally and economically more power than France. • Although part of the French royal house, they acted autonomously – acquiring land and building their own armies. • Duke of Burgundy dies in 1477, Louis XI seizes Burgundy land and consolidates it into greater France. • By end of 15th c. France doubles its size and looks more like the modern day French state.
Spain (mid-15th cent.) • Mid-15th cent. Iberian Peninsula was divided into distinct kingdoms. • Castile, Aragon, Granada, Navarre, Portugal • All were Christian except Granada, which had been a Muslim stronghold for many years. • Muslim strength began to weaken by the 11th century • Christian kingdoms launched attacks throughout known as the Reconquista. • In this atmosphere, Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469. • Opposition from nobles caused a decade long civil war, the royal houses emerged victorious and named a new Kingdom of Spain.
Spain (mid-15th cent.) The New Spain • The new monarchs reduced the power of the nobility by appointing hidalgos • Lesser aristocrats who owe their positions to the state. • Ferdinand and Isabella began extending Christianity over the whole peninsula. • Turn to driving out Muslims in southern Castile and Granada. • Stimulates religious fervor, and inspires loyalty to the king and queen. • Pope grants them the right to appoint bishops and abbots. • Also they are granted the right to establish their own Inquisition.
Spain (mid-15th cent.) The New Spain (Inquisition) • 1492: Last Muslim stronghold falls in Granada. • 1493: All Jews are expelled from Spain • About 150,000 people given 4 months to leave. • 1502: All Muslims how had not converted are expelled • Persecution of all heretics fosters religious unity that strengthens centralization.
England (15th century) • After 100 Years’ War England goes through a civil war. • War of the Roses (1455-1485): between rival factions of the royal family for power. • House of Lancaster (Red Rose) vs. House of York (White Rose) • Compromise was reached in 1485 when a new royal house emerged after a marriage between the two warring families – The Tudors. • Henry VII ruled as the first Tudor king in a dynasty that would dominate England through the 16th century. • Set up Court of Star Chamber that allowed him to further his power • Confiscated noble lands and fortunes to a point where he didn’t need Parliament for financial support.
Swiss Confederation • Switzerland is made up of semi-autonimous provinces or cantons. • Each one is under the rubric of the federal state of Switzerland. • Much like the Hanseatic League, the cantons organized in order to maintain separation from the Holy Roman Empire. • Dominated by wealthy merchants and tradesmen. • These were able to supplant the nobility by the 15th cent. • Rural communities gain some political importance – no king, duke, or count ever came to rule the confederation. • Swiss foot soldiers would act as mercenaries for kings throughout the rest of Europe.
Italy • Milan • Venice • Florence • Naples • Papal States • A loose alliance is constructed in 1454 between Milan, Naples, and Florence – Treaty of Lodi • Only a few years before Milan and Naples begin to feud • This allowed an expanding France (Charles VIII) to cross the alps and invade Milan, then Naples. • Florence, Rome, and Naples fold, but Pope Leo X calls Spain and the HRE to defend Italy. • Italy becomes a battle ground in Europe, particularly b/t the Valois (France) and the Habsburgs (HRE).
In conclusion (1340-1492) • 100 Years’ War (1337) • Black Death (1346) • Schism in the Church (Avignon & Rome) • Uprisings in the countryside • Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople (1453) • Renaissance spreads out from Italy • Rulers use the new arts to glorify themselves • Spain is unified by marriage, along with Poland-Lithuania. • The Swiss Confederation becomes a permanent entity.
