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Addressing the Challenges of LNAPL Cleanup and Gasoline Spill Recovery

This overview discusses the prevalence and cleanup methods of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPL) spills, particularly gasoline. With 7,957 gasoline spills reported in the U.S. since 1990, many were previously unreported due to lack of formal regulations. Effective cleanup methods include bioremediation, vapor extraction, and dual-phase recovery. Enhanced techniques such as steam and chemical oxidation present opportunities and challenges. The article explores the potential for recycling gasoline, associated costs, and necessary legislative support to encourage recovery while addressing liability and property issues.

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Addressing the Challenges of LNAPL Cleanup and Gasoline Spill Recovery

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  1. By: Jennifer Schaffer jenniferscha@gmail.com

  2. LNAPL(Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids) Courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey

  3. 3-D Image of LNAPL Plume

  4. Leaks & Spills: 1992-2002 Sampling of Incidents at Shell Group Companies & Joint Ventures* Derived from: http://www.shellfacts.com/downloads/Leaks&Spills2.pdf

  5. Prevalence of Gasoline Spills • 8 sites on the NPL • According to National Response Center, have been 7,957 gasoline spills on land since 1990. • Gas spills were primarily unreported until recent history. • There were no formal reporting requirements prior to 1970. • From 1970-1980, only spills that reached navigable waters had to be reported

  6. U.S. v. Apex Oil Co., Inc., 579 F.3d 734 (7th Cir. 2009)

  7. Sugar Creek, Missouri http://www.krohm.com/sugarcrk/index.htm

  8. Methods Used for Cleanup • Biofiltration • Scrubbers • Carbon Absorbtion • Bioremediation - microbials • Free product recovery – Skimming systems • Free product recovery – water table depression • Vapor Extraction • Dual Phase Recovery • Pumps

  9. Bioremediation

  10. Scrubbers

  11. Carbon Absorption

  12. Skimming

  13. Water Table Depression

  14. Vapor Extraction

  15. Dual Phase Recovery

  16. Pumping

  17. Circulation pump

  18. Solar powered pump

  19. Enhanced Methods • Steam • Surfactants • Phased soil heating • Chemical oxidation • Hot and cold water floods

  20. Steam This process requires large facilities and operations as well as significant time and money.

  21. Surfactants Wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lower the interfacial tension between the two liquids. These are already used in green cleaning products.

  22. Phased Soil Heating

  23. Chemical Oxidation

  24. Ways this Gasoline Could be Used • Marine Uses • Aviation Fuel • South America, Asia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East – automotive • Racing cars • Farm equipment • Industrial uses • Energy Production

  25. Patent, 1935 issued to F.E. Neff, Jr.

  26. Patent for using ammonium phosphate to clean lead from gasoline/oil products

  27. http://www.mckenziecorp.com/hydrocarbon.htm

  28. Carbon Scrubbers

  29. So, why are more companies not recycling/reusing the gas? • Cost – is it worth the costs? • How do the costs compare? • Are there “hidden costs” to recovery? • Diminishing Returns from recovery • Potentially liability • Ramifications of claiming the gasoline • Property dispute issues

  30. Hydraulic Recovery of the Oil Poses Difficulty • Residual saturation trapped by capillary forces • Heterogeneity of the soil • Conductivity of the LNAPL phase

  31. What could be done to encourage recycling? • Legislation which encourages and or compels recovery • Legislation which removes liability issues • Legislation which resolves property ownership issues • Should it be done? • Would we be trading one pollution for another? • Should there be limits or regulations on how recovered gasoline can be used/sold?

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