** Start of activity to meet physical or psychological need

2. ** Start of activity to meet physical or psychological need otivation

3. Types of Motivation Intrinsic motivation: Act itself is motivating or internally rewarding ** Extrinsic motivation: Outcome is separate from person

4. Instinct Approaches • Instinct approaches proposed that some human actions may be motivated by instincts, which are innate patterns of behavior found in both people and animals.

5. Need: Requirement of material (e.g., food, water) essential for survival ** Drive:Need leads to psychological tension and physical arousal Drive-reduction theory: Act to reduce, satisfy need and reduce tension Drive-Reduction Theory

6. Primary and Acquired Drives ** Primary drives: Involve the needs of the body Acquired drives: Learned through experience

7. ** Homeostasis - the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.

8. Three Types of Needs • Need for achievement (nAch): Desire to attain realistic and challenging goals • Need for affiliation (nAff): Need for social interaction • Need for power (nPow): Need to control or influence others

9. nAch and Personality • View of self: Beliefs about one’s own abilities • Locus of control:Internal vs. external • Beliefs about intelligence:Fixed vs. changeable

10. Arousal Theory Person has an optimal level of arousal to maintain Sometimes level of arousal is reduced. Other times level of arousal is increased.

11. Arousal and Performance

12. Sensation Seeking Sensation seeker: Someone who needs more arousal than the average person

13. Incentive Approaches to Motivation • ** Incentives:Things that lure people to action • Incentive approaches: Behavior is response to rewards of external stimulus • Expectancy-value theories • Beliefs, values, importance

14. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • ** Self-actualization: Lower needs satisfied, full human potential achieved • Growth vs. deficiency needs • Peak experiences: Times when self-actualization is temporarily achieved

15. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs *** Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ***Must fulfill the more basic needs, such as physical and security needs, before being able to fulfill the higher needs of self-actualization and transcendence.

16. Autonomy Relatedness Competence The Components of Motivation • Self-determination theory (SDT): Social context of action has effect on type of motivation ** Intrinsic motivation - type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

17. Hunger: Bodily Causes • Ventromedial hypothalamus: May be involved in stopping eating when glucose level goes up • Lateral hypothalamus: Appears to influence onset of eating when insulin level goes up Hypothalamus

18. Hunger: Bodily Causes • Weight set point: Level of weight body tries to maintain • Basal metabolic rate (BMR): Rate at which body burns energy when resting

19. Social Components of Hunger • Social cues for when meals are to be eaten • Cultural customs, food preferences, comfort foods • Anticipation of food may result in insulin response and risk of diabetes

20. Maladaptive Eating Problems • 9.6 What are some problems in eating behavior, and how are they affected by biology and culture? • Obesity: Body weight 20% over ideal weight for given height • Leptin:Hormone that signals hypothalamus that body has had enough food • May play important role in obesity

21. “Feeling” part of consciousness motion

22. Three Elements of Emotion • 1. Physical arousal • 2. Behavior that reveals emotion • 3. Inner awareness of feelings

23. Emotion associated with sympathetic nervous system activity Amygdala: Fear and facial expressions Hemispheres of the brain: Positive emotions: left frontal lobe Negative feelings: right frontal lobe Interpreting facial expressions: right hemisphere Physiology of Emotion

24. Emotional Expression • Various ways emotions are expressed • Universal expressions • Biological basis • Congenitally blind facial expressions • Display rules

25. Labeling Emotions • Interpreting subjective feelings • Labeling and culture

26. A stimulus (snarling dog) leads to an emotion of fear, which then leads to bodily arousal (in this case, indicated by shaking) through the autonomic nervous system. Common Sense Theory of Emotion

27. James-Lange Theory of Emotion • 9.8 How do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion differ? • A stimulus leads to bodily arousal first, which is then interpreted as an emotion.

28. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion • A stimulus leads to activity in the brain, which then sends signals to arouse the body and interpret the emotion at the same time.

29. Schachter-Singer Cognitive Arousal Theory • 9.9 What are the key elements in cognitive arousal theory, the facial feedback hypothesis, and the cognitive-mediational theory of emotion? • A stimulus leads to both bodily arousal and the labeling of that arousal (based on the surrounding context), which leads to the experience and labeling of the emotional reaction.

30. ** Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion • A stimulus such as this snarling dog causes arousal and a facial expression. The facial expression then provides feedback to the brain about the emotion. The brain then interprets the emotion and may also intensify it.

31. Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory • A stimulus causes an immediate appraisal (e.g., “The dog is snarling and not behind a fence, so this is dangerous”). The cognitive appraisal results in an emotional response, which is then followed by the appropriate bodily response.